Conozcamos lo mejor de la flora y fauna de la región del Ariari en el municipio de Granada, departamento del Meta. “Catarsis turística”

Esta propuesta tiene como principal objetivo dar a conocer las riquezas turísticas de la región del Ariari en el departamento del Meta en cuanto a la sensibilización de visitantes y habitantes en general, iniciando por los estudiantes de los grados décimos y undécimos de la institución Educativa General Santander del municipio de Granada, como principales promotores y gestores del cuidado y disfrute de los tesoros invaluables que ofrece la regió

Registro del enrollador de las hojas, Amorbia cuneana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), en zarzamora en Rancho Huatarillo, Peribán, Michoacán

The leafroller, Amorbia cuneana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is recorded for the first time in blackberry (Rubus sp. cultivar Tupi) in Rancho Huatarillo, Municipality of Peribán, in the state of Michoacán, Mexico. It is important to assess the damage that this insect may cause to the plants, in order to avoid the possibility that it reach the pest status in the later crop

Efecto del Nim en el daño ocasionado por el gusano cogollero Spodoptera Frugiperda (smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) en tres variables agronómicas de maíz resistente y susceptible

Neem oil was evaluated against fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) on plants of two maize lines, one resistant and another one susceptible, planted in Poza Rica, Veracruz, México. The objective of this study was to compare biological development of resistant and susceptible maize plants infested by fall armyworm and sprayed with neem oil under field conditions. A concentration of 20,8% neem oil, was applied on the upper leaves and whorl according to the following treatments: before artificial infestation, one and two weeks after infestation; in addition, a chemical insecticide (Permetrin) and one control (water) were included. In an experiment comparing different doses, neem was applied 3 times at concentrations of 20,8, 2,0 and 0,20%; with a Permetrin and water control included for comparison. Damage to foliage, flowering, plant height, and yield were then recorded. In the experiment to determine time of application the susceptible line showed severe damage from 6,7 to 8,1 on a scale from 0-9. while the resistant line exhibited damage ranging from 4,6 to 6,0. For the neem oil dose experiment, plants in both lines during the winter cycle showed damage ranging from 4,4 to 6,2, while during the spring-fall season damage was from 6,2 to 8,5. Flowering was not affected by application dates. However in the experiment with different neem oil concentrations, for the 20,8% treatment flowering was accelerated up to 7,4 days when compared to the control. No differences were found among treatments on in plant height. The treatment with 20,8% neem oil showed low defoliation, but yields were low at this high doses due to phytotoxicity. Weekly application of 2% neem oil gave more than best protection when applied before pest infestations.En dos experimentos realizados durante dos ciclos de cultivo de maíz, se evaluó el efecto de un formulado de aceite de nim Azadirachta indica A. Juss en larvas de gusano cogollero Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). El objetivo fue conocer el daño ocasionado por el gusano cogollero en plantas de maíz resistente (CML-67) y maíz susceptible (CML-131) ambas tratadas con nim, en campo. En un primer experimento se evaluaron épocas de aplicación del aceite de A. indica en dos líneas de maíz, una resistente (CML-67) y otro susceptible (CML-131) a S. frugiperda cultivados en Poza Rica, Veracruz, México. El aceite en concentración de 20,8%, se aplicó sobre las hojas superiores y cogollo, con los siguientes tratamientos: cuatro horas, antes de la infestación artificial con larvas de primer ínstar, 7 y 14 días después de la infestación; se incluyó un tratamiento con el insecticida químico Permetrina y un testigo absoluto (sólo agua). En el segundo experimento, sobre las mismas dos líneas de maíz, CML-67 y CML-131 se aplicaron las concentraciones 20,8, 2,0 y 0,20% de aceite de A. indica. Cada tratamiento se aplicó tres veces sin intervalo fijo durante la etapa vegetativa del cultivo, se incluyó al insecticida Permetrina y al testigo absoluto. Se registró el daño foliar mediante la escala estandarizada de daño de Mihm del 0 al 9, altura de la planta y el rendimiento. En las fechas de aplicación del nim, el daño foliar de la línea susceptible osciló de 6,7 a 8,1 en promedio, según la escala de Mihm, representó alto daño y en la línea resistente, daño foliar moderado (4,6 a 6,0). En el experimento de concentraciones de nim, en el ciclo I se observaron daños de 4,4 a 6,2 en promedio y en el ciclo P-V los daños fueron de 6,5 a 8,5 en ambas líneas. La floración no presentó diferencias significativas en las diferentes fechas de aplicación, mientras que en el experimento de diferentes concentraciones el tratamiento 20,8% de aceite de A. indica se adelantó 7,4 días con respecto al testigo. No se encontraron diferencias al cuantificar la altura. No obstante para el tratamiento con 20,8% de aceite de A. indica la defoliación fue menor y no se obtuvieron buenos rendimientos, se apreció que a esta concentración de aceite, A. indica causó fitotoxicidad. El nim permitió mayor protección cuando se aplicó antes de que se presentara la plaga a concentraciones menores al 2% y se reforzó con posteriores aplicaciones a intervalos de una aplicación por semana

Tecnologías de Granos y Semillas

En Sinaloa la actividad agrícola genera alrededor de 5.5 millones de toneladas de granos almacenados (maíz, frijol, trigo, sorgo y garbanzo), los cuales son distribuidos en 250 centros de acopio tecnificados, además de un buen número de silos y bodegas rústicas. En estos lugares, los gorgojos de los graneros, palomilla del trigo, barrenadores de granos, y gorgojos del frijol, así como los contaminantes biológicos están aumentado cada año, por las condiciones de alta temperatura y humedad atribuibles al cambio climático, causando del 3 al 12% de daños en los granos almacenados, lo que se traduce en importantes pérdidas económicas. En esta obra se proporciona información sobre estas plagas, así como alternativas de control de estos agentes utilizando bioinsecticidas y productos biorracionales, dentro de un esquema de manejo sustentable, normatividad e inocuidad alimentaría, que será de utilidad a investigadores, técnicos, productores y estudiantes que trabajan en esta área

Drug resistance phenotypes and genotypes in Mexico in representative gram-negative species: Results from the infivar network.

AimThis report presents phenotypic and genetic data on the prevalence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and representative carbapenemases-producing Gram-negative species in Mexico.Material and methodsA total of 52 centers participated, 43 hospital-based laboratories and 9 external laboratories. The distribution of antimicrobial resistance data for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae complex, Acinetobacter baumannii complex, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in selected clinical specimens from January 1 to March 31, 2020 was analyzed using the WHONET 5.6 platform. The following clinical isolates recovered from selected specimens were included: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, ESBL or carbapenem-resistant E. coli, and K. pneumoniae, carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii complex, and P. aeruginosa. Strains were genotyped to detect ESBL and/or carbapenemase-encoding genes.ResultsAmong blood isolates, A. baumannii complex showed more than 68% resistance for all antibiotics tested, and among Enterobacteria, E. cloacae complex showed higher resistance to carbapenems. A. baumannii complex showed a higher resistance pattern for respiratory specimens, with only amikacin having a resistance lower than 70%. Among K. pneumoniae isolates, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX were detected in 68.79%, 72.3%, and 91.9% of isolates, respectively. Among E. coli isolates, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX were detected in 20.8%, 4.53%, and 85.7% isolates, respectively. For both species, the most frequent genotype was blaCTX-M-15. Among Enterobacteriaceae, the most frequently detected carbapenemase-encoding gene was blaNDM-1 (81.5%), followed by blaOXA-232 (14.8%) and blaoxa-181(7.4%), in A. baumannii was blaOXA-24 (76%) and in P. aeruginosa, was blaIMP (25.3%), followed by blaGES and blaVIM (13.1% each).ConclusionOur study reports that NDM-1 is the most frequent carbapenemase-encoding gene in Mexico in Enterobacteriaceae with the circulation of the oxacillinase genes 181 and 232. KPC, in contrast to other countries in Latin America and the USA, is a rare occurrence. Additionally, a high circulation of ESBL blaCTX-M-15 exists in both E. coli and K. pneumoniae

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children : an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45 center dot 1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34 center dot 2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20 center dot 6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12 center dot 8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24 center dot 7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.Peer reviewe

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN

Exploring the cost-effectiveness of high versus low perioperative fraction of inspired oxygen in the prevention of surgical site infections among abdominal surgery patients in three low- and middle-income countries

Background: This study assessed the potential cost-effectiveness of high (80–100%) vs low (21–35%) fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) at preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) after abdominal surgery in Nigeria, India, and South Africa. Methods: Decision-analytic models were constructed using best available evidence sourced from unbundled data of an ongoing pilot trial assessing the effectiveness of high FiO2, published literature, and a cost survey in Nigeria, India, and South Africa. Effectiveness was measured as percentage of SSIs at 30 days after surgery, a healthcare perspective was adopted, and costs were reported in US dollars ($). Results: High FiO2 may be cost-effective (cheaper and effective). In Nigeria, the average cost for high FiO2 was$216 compared with $222 for low FiO2 leading to a −$6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −$13 to −$1) difference in costs. In India, the average cost for high FiO2 was $184 compared with$195 for low FiO2 leading to a −$11 (95$15 to −$6) difference in costs. In South Africa, the average cost for high FiO2 was$1164 compared with $1257 for low FiO2 leading to a −$93 (95% CI: −$132 to −$65) difference in costs. The high FiO2 arm had few SSIs, 7.33% compared with 8.38% for low FiO2, leading to a −1.05 (95% CI: −1.14 to −0.90) percentage point reduction in SSIs. Conclusion: High FiO2 could be cost-effective at preventing SSIs in the three countries but further data from large clinical trials are required to confirm this

Use of Telemedicine for Post-discharge Assessment of the Surgical Wound: International Cohort Study, and Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

Objective: This study aimed to determine whether remote wound reviews using telemedicine can be safely upscaled, and if standardised assessment tools are needed. Summary background data: Surgical site infection is the most common complication of surgery worldwide, and frequently occurs after hospital discharge. Evidence to support implementation of telemedicine during postoperative recovery will be an essential component of pandemic recovery. Methods: The primary outcome of this study was surgical site infection reported up to 30-days after surgery (SSI), comparing rates reported using telemedicine (telephone and/or video assessment) to those with in-person review. The first part of this study analysed primary data from an international cohort study of adult patients undergoing abdominal surgery who were discharged from hospital before 30-days after surgery. The second part combined this data with the results of a systematic review to perform a meta-analysis of all available data conducted in accordance with PRIMSA guidelines (PROSPERO:192596). Results: The cohort study included 15,358 patients from 66 countries (8069 high, 4448 middle, 1744 low income). Of these, 6907 (45.0%) were followed up using telemedicine. The SSI rate reported using telemedicine was slightly lower than with in-person follow-up (13.4% vs. 11.1%, P<0.001), which persisted after risk adjustment in a mixed-effects model (adjusted odds ratio: 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.63-0.84, P<0.001). This association was consistent across sensitivity and subgroup analyses, including a propensity-score matched model. In nine eligible non-randomised studies identified, a pooled mean of 64% of patients underwent telemedicine follow-up. Upon meta-analysis, the SSI rate reported was lower with telemedicine (odds ratio: 0.67, 0.47-0.94) than in-person (reference) follow-up (I2=0.45, P=0.12), although there a high risk of bias in included studies. Conclusions: Use of telemedicine to assess the surgical wound post-discharge is feasible, but risks underreporting of SSI. Standardised tools for remote assessment of SSI must be evaluated and adopted as telemedicine is upscaled globally

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially