El sedentarismo se asocia a un incremento de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y metabólicos independiente de los niveles de actividad física = Sedentary lifestyle is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors independent of physical activity

Background: Sedentary behavior is a main risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Aim: To investigate the association between sedentary behavior and metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors. Material and Methods: We assessed 322 participants aged between 18 to 65 years. Physical activity and sedentary behavior were measured with accelerometers (Actigraph®). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, percentage of body fat, diet and blood markers (glucose, lipid profile, insulin and HOMA-IR) were measured with standardized protocols. Results: Thirty four percent of participants were physically inactive and spent on average 8.7 h/day on sedentary activities. Per one hour increase in sedentary behavior there were significant adverse changes in glucose (4.79 mg/dl), insulin (2.73 pmol/l), HOMA-IR (0.75), BMI (0.69 kg/m2), waist circumference (1.95 cm), fat mass (1.03%), total cholesterol (9.73 mg/dl), HDL-cholesterol (-3.50 mg/dl), LDL-cholesterol (10.7 mg/dl) and triglycerides (12.4 mg/dl). These findings were independent of main confounding factors including total physical activity, dietary factors, BMI and socio-demographics. Conclusions: The detrimental effect of sedentary behaviors on cardiometabolic and obesity-related traits is independent of physical activity levels. Therefore, reducing sedentary time should be targeted in the population apart from increasing their physical activity levels

Mayores niveles de transporte activo se asocian a un menor nivel de adiposidad y menor riesgo de obesidad: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010 = Association of active commuting with obesity: findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010

Background: Active commuting is associated with a lower risk for obesity in developed countries. Aim: To investigate the association between active commuting and obesity risk in Chile. Material and Methods: Active commuting was measured using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ v2) in 5,293 participants from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were the study outcomes. The association between active commuting and obesity was investigated using linear and logistic regression analysis. Results: Thirty four percent of responders [95% confidence intervals (CI): 32.6-35.1] were passive commuters. Active commuters had a lower BMI and WC than their passive counterparts. Thirty minutes increment in active commuting were associated with a −0.20 kg.m-2 lower BMI [95% CI: −0.33 to −0.07, p < 0.01] and a −076 cm lower WC [95% CI: −1.08 to −0.43, p < 0.01]. The odds of having a BMI > 25 kg.m-2 was 0.93 [95% CI: 0.88 to 0.98, p = 0.01] per every 30 minutes’ increment in active commuting, whereas the odds for central obesity was 0.87 [95% CI: 0.82 to 0.92, p < 0.01]. Conclusions: Active commuting is associated with a lower adiposity and lower risk for obesity in Chilean adults

Factores asociados a inactividad física en Chile: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010 = Correlates of physical inactivity: Findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010

Background: Physical inactivity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To identify factors associated with physical inactivity in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Participants from the Chilean Health Survey (5,133 individuals) were included in this study. Physical activity was measured using the Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Physical inactivity was defined as < 600 MET. min.week−1 of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of physical inactivity. Results: The main finding of this study were that women (odds ratio (OR): 1.51 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.32-1.72]) were more likely to be inactive compared to men and that older adults were more likely to be inactive than their younger or middle age counterparts (OR: 3.06 [95% CI: 2.45-3.82]). Other correlates of physical inactivity were individuals with obesity (OR: 1.43 [95% CI: 1.20-1.70]), diabetes (OR: 1.96 [95% CI: 1.61-2.38]), hypertension (OR: 1.72 [95% CI: 1.50-1.97]), metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.42 [95% IC: 1.18-1.70]), a low education level (OR: 1.26 [95% CI: 1.06-1.49]) and higher levels of sedentary behavior (OR: 2.77 [95% CI: 2.36-3.25]). Conclusions: Women, older people and sedentary subjects with chronic non-transmissible conditions are at higher risk of being physically inactive

The discovery of Stromatolites developing at 3570 m above sea level in a high-altitude volcanic lake Socompa, Argentinean Andes

We describe stromatolites forming at an altitude of 3570 m at the shore of a volcanic lake Socompa, Argentinean Andes. The water at the site of stromatolites formation is alkaline, hypersaline, rich in inorganic nutrients, very rich in arsenic, and warm (20-24°C) due to a hydrothermal input. The stromatolites do not lithify, but form broad, rounded and low-domed bioherms dominated by diatom frustules and aragonite micro-crystals agglutinated by extracellular substances. In comparison to other modern stromatolites, they harbour an atypical microbial community characterized by highly abundant representatives of Deinococcus-Thermus, Rhodobacteraceae, Desulfobacterales and Spirochaetes. Additionally, a high proportion of the sequences that could not be classified at phylum level showed less than 80% identity to the best hit in the NCBI database, suggesting the presence of novel distant lineages. The primary production in the stromatolites is generally high and likely dominated by Microcoleus sp. Through negative phototaxis, the location of these cyanobacteria in the stromatolites is controlled by UV light, which greatly influences their photosynthetic activity. Diatoms, dominated by Amphora sp., are abundant in the anoxic, sulfidic and essentially dark parts of the stromatolites. Although their origin in the stromatolites is unclear, they are possibly an important source of anaerobically degraded organic matter that induces in situ aragonite precipitation. To the best of our knowledge, this is so far the highest altitude with documented actively forming stromatolites. Their generally rich, diverse and to a large extent novel microbial community likely harbours valuable genetic and proteomic reserves, and thus deserves active protection. Furthermore, since the stromatolites flourish in an environment characterized by a multitude of extremes, including high exposure to UV radiation, they can be an excellent model system for studying microbial adaptations under conditions that, at least in part, resemble those during the early phase of life evolution on Earth.Instituto de Biotecnologia y Biologia Molecular (IBBM

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Correlates of device-measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleeping in children aged 9-11 years from Chile: ESPACIOS study

Background: Little is known about of correlates of physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB), and sleeping in children from Latin America. The aim of this study was to assess the association between potential correlates with device-measured PA, SB and sleeping time in children from 9 to 11 years in Carahue, Chile. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess correlates of physical behaviours (demographic, psychological, behavioural, home and school environment factors) from data reported by participants and caregivers. Each participant wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer on the hip during seven consecutive days to measure PA, SB and sleeping time. Results: In total, 148 participants completed the study (47.3% male, 10.0±0.8 years). SB was positively associated with age, being female, family income, total screen time and distance to places, and negatively with higher scores of parent support for PA. Light PA was associated with age, family income, total screen time (all negative), and parent support for PA (positive). Moderate PA was associated with being male, self-efficacy and established healthy lifestyle committee at school. Vigorous PA was associated with being male, self-efficacy (both positive) and BMI z-score (negatively). Sleeping time was associated with age, portable videogame ownership (both negative) and PE minutes/week (positive).Conclusion: Variables from different levels explained each behaviour, reinforcing the need for multilevel strategies for promoting and helping to ensure healthier lifestyles in children.Antecedentes: se sabe poco sobre los correlatos de la actividad física (PA), el comportamiento sedentario (SB) y el sueño en niños de América Latina. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre los posibles correlatos con la PA, la SB y el tiempo de sueño medidos con acelerómetro en niños de 9 a 11 años en Carahue, Chile. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal para evaluar los correlatos de los comportamientos físicos (factores demográficos, psicológicos, de comportamiento, del entorno escolar y del hogar) a partir de los datos informados por los participantes y los cuidadores. Cada participante usó un acelerómetro ActiGraph GT3X + en la cadera durante siete días consecutivos para medir la PA, SB y el tiempo de sueño. Resultados: En total, 148 participantes completaron el estudio (47.3% hombres, 10.0 ± 0.8 años). SB se asoció positivamente con la edad, el hecho de ser mujer, el ingreso familiar, el tiempo total de la pantalla y la distancia a los lugares, y negativamente con puntuaciones más altas de apoyo de los padres para PA. La PA liviana se asoció con la edad, el ingreso familiar, el tiempo total de la pantalla (todo negativo) y el apoyo de los padres para la PA (positivo). La PA moderada se asoció con ser hombre, autoeficacia y un comité de estilo de vida saludable establecido en la escuela. La PA vigorosa se asoció con ser hombre, autoeficacia (ambos positivos) y puntaje BMI (negativo). El tiempo de sueño se asoció con la edad, la propiedad de los videojuegos portátiles (ambos negativos) y los minutos / semana de PE (positivo) .Conclusión: las variables de diferentes niveles explicaron cada comportamiento, lo que refuerza la necesidad de estrategias multinivel para promover y ayudar a garantizar estilos de vida más saludables en los niños

Compliance of pedometer-derived physical activity recommendations and step accumulation patterns in Chilean children from low-income areas

Background: Device measured physical activity (PA) allow better understanding on how PA is accrued during days. The purpose of this study was to describe pedometer-derived PA levels and patterns by gender in a population of Chilean children. Methods: 100 children were randomly selected from two low-income neighborhoods in Santiago, Chile. PA was measured with a wrist-worn pedometer for 7 consecutive days. Steps were summarized as total steps per hour and steps per day. PA hourly-patterns were compared across subgroups by age, gender, residence type and nutritional status. Results: 85 participants provided valid data (40 boys, 7.9±2.64 years, 47.8% overweight/obese). On an average day, children accumulated 11692.8±6061.8 steps with no differences between sexes (p=0.14). However, boys accumulated more steps in the morning and lunchtime than girls. Only 35.3% of the sample met PA guidelines (active), with no differences by sex (p=0.39). Active children in weekdays were more likely to meet the guidelines in weekend days (adjusted OR: 4.70, CI 95% 1.67-13.20) than those inactive in weekdays. Conclusion: PA guidelines compliance was relatively low. Step accumulation patterns differed between and within days including differences by gender in the morning and lunch time. This information may be used for designing feasible and equitable strategies for increasing the chances for meeting PA recommendations in both girls and boys. Antecedentes: los métodos objetivos para medir la actividad física (AF) permiten una mejor comprensión de cómo se acumula la AF durante días. El propósito de este estudio fue describir los niveles y patrones de AF derivados del podómetro en una población de niños chilenos. Métodos: 100 niños participaron de dos barrios de bajos ingresos seleccionados al azar en Santiago de Chile. AF se midió con un podómetro de pulsera durante 7 días consecutivos. Los pasos se resumieron como pasos totales por hora y pasos por día. Los patrones de AF por hora se compararon entre los subgrupos por edad, sexo, tipo de residencia y estado nutricional. Resultados: 85 participantes proporcionaron datos válidos (40 niños, 7.9-2.64 años, 47.8% con sobrepeso / obesidad). En un día normal, los niños acumularon 11692.8±6061.8 pasos sin diferencias entre sexos (p = 0.14). Sin embargo, los niños acumularon más pasos en la mañana y mediodía que las niñas. Solo el 35.3% de la muestra cumplió con las recomendaciones de AF (activo), sin diferencias por sexo (p = 0.39). Los niños activos en los días de semana tenían más probabilidades de cumplir con las recomendaciones en los días de fin de semana (OR ajustado: 4.70, IC 95% 1.67-13.20) que los inactivos en los días de la semana. Conclusión: El cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de AF fue relativamente bajo. Los patrones de acumulación de pasos difieren entre y durante el día, incluyendo diferencias según sexo en relación a la acumulación de pasos en la mañana y almuerzo. Esta información puede ser utilizada para diseñar estrategias equitativas para aumentar las posibilidades de cumplir con las recomendaciones de AF tanto para niñas como para niños

ActiGraph GT3X+ cut-points for identifying sedentary behaviour in older adults in free-living environments

Objectives: To determine the ActiGraph GT3X+ cut-points with the highest accuracy for estimating time spent in sedentary behaviour in older adults in free-living environments. ActivPAL(3Tm) was used as the reference standard

Variation on somatotype and waist circumference in a sample of university students between years 2012 and 2014 in the Temuco, Chile Caracterización del somatotipo y circunferencia de cintura en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios entre los años 2012 -2014 de la ciudad de Temuco, Chile

Objetive: to determine variation on somatotype and waist circumference (WC) in university students during a three-year follow-up. Methods: a total sample of 36 first-year university students was recruited in 2012. Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype and waist circumference were assessed in 2012 and 2014. Results: male students showed mesomorph component (3.7-5.3-1.8) as dominant in 2012, while in 2014 endomorph and mesomorph components were equal (4.1-4.5-1.6). The somatotype in female students was dominated by endomorphic component in 2012 (5.4-4.6-1.7) and 2014 (5.3-3.2-1.6). Among somatotypes, for both, male and female students, only endomorphy showed statistically significant differences during the follow-up (p = 0,00). The endo-mesomorphic somatotype was dominant in men with 61.9% in 2012 and 38.1% in 2014. Women showed a higher percentage for meso-endomorphic somatotype with 60% in 2012 and 80% in 2014. In men, WC between 2014 and 2014 showed a statistically significant increment of 4.8% (p = 0,00). In women WC increased by 13.3% but no statistically difference was observed (p = 0,10). Conclusions: this study showed somatotypic change with tendency in increased endomorphy in both men and women. Despite WC values were similar to the national mean, cases with cardiometabolic risk increased during the follow-up period based on this measurement

Substanzerhaltung historischer Mauerwerksbauten. Entwicklung von Methoden zur Beschreibung und Charakterisierung von Umweltschaeden am Ziegelmauerwerk

Methods for the analyses and description of damage to brick were selected. Additionally, methods were developed for the subsequent determination of the firing temperature of brick and the prognosis of the critical salt content. The influence of the microbiology was studied. (orig.)Available from TIB Hannover: RN 8908(95-042) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEBundesministerium des Innern, Bonn (Germany)DEGerman