Os potenciais impactos da pandemia Covid-19 nos transtornos psiquiátricos / The potential impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on psychiatric disorders

Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre alterações biológicas e psíquicas trazidas pela pandemia do COVID-19 e, por conseguinte, seus impactos na saúde mental. Metodologia: Revisão bibliográfica realizada por meio de pesquisas nas bases de dados SciELO, PubMed, Google Acadêmico. Foram utilizados os descritores “COVID-19” and “Transtornos Psiquiátricos” and “COVID Pathophysiology” and “saúde OMS”. Após os critérios de seleção restaram 21 artigos que foram submetidos à leitura minuciosa.  [ASdS1] [u2] Discussão/Resultados: Iniciada na China, a pandemia ocasionada pelo referido vírus [ASdS3] disseminou rapidamente ocasionando uma nova dinâmica social. Esse rearranjo social gerou consequências psicológicas em significativa parte da população. Tais efeitos podem estar associados, a nível celular, a alterações em interleucinas e nos próprios níveis de neurotransmissores, como os de dopamina, norepinefrina e serotonina, associados, também, a interferência endócrina. Todas essas alterações impactam na saúde mental podendo estar relacionadas ao aumento de ansiedade, depressão, insônia entre outros transtornos, quando comparado a prevalência anterior a COVID -19. Conclusão: O novo coronavírus, comprovadamente, é capaz de prejudicar o sistema imunológico e o sistema nervoso do paciente infectado através de alterações neuro inflamatórias e endócrinas que afetam a saúde mental.

SERVIÇO DE ATENDIMENTO MÓVEL DE URGÊNCIA FRENTE ÀS URGÊNCIAS E EMERGÊNCIAS PSIQUIÁTRICAS

The present study sought scientific evidence on the assistance provided by the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU) in the face of psychiatric urgencies and emergencies. The work carried out is a literature review, where the data for the construction of the article were collected in Google Scholar, Scielo, BVS and LILACS. To search for articles in the databases, the following keywords were used: “mental health”, “psychiatric emergency” and “prompt care”. As inclusion criteria, we used: full articles available in full, published between the years 2017 and 2021, in Portuguese and English. As for the exclusion criteria, the following were excluded: editorials, books, abstracts, descriptors that did not correspond to the theme and repeated articles in the databases used for data collection. The results showed that in recent times, there has been a significant increase in the number of people with psychiatric disorders, thus demanding extra-hospital services that seek to accommodate these patients. Most of the time, professionals provide inhumane care, prioritizing only sedation and immediate referral to hospital, using only these methods to contain the patient. It was concluded that the assistance provided by SAMU in the face of psychiatric urgencies and emergencies is still flawed, and mechanized care is carried out, using coercive means. Showing, through this, that the pre-hospital service has mostly acted against the principles established by the Psychiatric Reform, causing care to become disqualified.El presente estudio buscó evidencia científica sobre la asistencia que brinda el Servicio Móvil de Atención de Urgencias (SAMU) ante las urgencias y emergencias psiquiátricas. El trabajo realizado es una revisión de literatura, donde los datos para la construcción del artículo fueron recolectados en Google Scholar, Scielo, BVS y LILACS. Para la búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos se utilizaron las siguientes palabras clave: “salud mental”, “emergencia psiquiátrica” y “atención oportuna”. Como criterios de inclusión, se utilizaron: artículos completos disponibles en su totalidad, publicados entre los años 2017 y 2021, en portugués e inglés. En cuanto a los criterios de exclusión, fueron excluidos: editoriales, libros, resúmenes, descriptores que no correspondían al tema y artículos repetidos en las bases de datos utilizadas para la recolección de datos. Los resultados mostraron que en los últimos tiempos, ha habido un aumento significativo en el número de personas con trastornos psiquiátricos, por lo que demandan servicios extrahospitalarios que buscan acomodar a estos pacientes. La mayoría de las veces, los profesionales brindan una atención inhumana, priorizando solo la sedación y la derivación inmediata al hospital, utilizando solo estos métodos para contener al paciente. Se concluyó que la asistencia que brinda el SAMU ante las urgencias y emergencias psiquiátricas aún es deficiente, y se realiza una atención mecanizada, utilizando medios coercitivos. Mostrando, a través de esto, que el servicio prehospitalario ha actuado mayoritariamente en contra de los principios establecidos por la Reforma Psiquiátrica, provocando la descalificación de la atención.  O presente estudo buscou evidências científicas sobre a assistência prestada pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) frente às urgências e emergências psiquiátricas. O trabalho realizado trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, onde os dados para a construção do artigo foram coletados no Google Scholar, Scielo, BVS e LILACS. Para a busca dos artigos nas bases de dados foram usadas as seguintes palavras-chaves: “saúde mental”, “emergência psiquiátrica” e “pronto atendimento”. Como critérios de inclusão, utilizou-se: artigos completos e disponíveis na íntegra, publicados entre os anos de 2017 e 2021, nos idiomas português e inglês. Quanto aos critérios de exclusão, foram excluídos: editoriais, livros, resumos, descritores que não correspondia a temática e artigos repetidos nas bases de dados utilizadas para a coleta de dados. Os resultados mostraram que nos últimos tempos, houve um aumento significativo no número de pessoas que apresentam transtornos psiquiátricos, dessa forma, exigindo serviços extra-hospitalares que busquem acolher estes pacientes. Ainda existe uma enorme falha no atendimento aos pacientes com transtornos mentais, pois na grande maioria das vezes, os profissionais prestam uma assistência desumana, priorizando apenas a sedação e o encaminhamento imediato para a internação hospitalar, utilizando apenas destes métodos para conter o paciente. Concluiu-se que a assistência prestada pelo SAMU frente às urgências e emergências psiquiátricas ainda é falha, sendo realizado um cuidado mecanizado, utilizando de meios coercitivos. Mostrando, através disso, que o serviço pré-hospitalar em sua maioria tem atuado contra os princípios estabelecidos pela Reforma Psiquiátrica, fazendo com que a assistência se torne desqualificada

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio