The effect of prebiotic “Immunoster” on growth indices, survival rate, density of blood cells and body composition of Caspian Sea mahi sefid (Rutilus frisii kutum) fingerlings

In order to effect of prebiotic Immunoster was performed the experiment in period of 8 weeks in 0, 2, 4 percent levels on growth, survival, blood cells count and body compositions of mahi sefid fingerlings with initial weight of 0.35±0.02gr. The experiment was performed with use of completely accidental design in one control group and two treatments groups each with 3 replicates and with 150 kutum fingerlings in each tank. Feeding was varied 15-20% of biomass. At the end of experiment, however there was no significant difference in 2 and 4 percent level of Immunoster in camparing with control group (P>0.05), but mahi sefid fingerlings fed by Immunoster containing diet showed slightly better growth function. Survival rate didn’t have significant difference between treatments. The amount of red blood cells (R.B.Cs) and the amount of white blood cells (W.B.Cs) in one cubic millimeter of blood showed significant difference between control and fingerlings fed with 2 and 4 percents levels of Immunoster (P≤0.01). As 2 percent level of Immunoster had highest of R.B.Cs and W.B.Cs in compare with control group. Also there were significant difference between control and experimental groups the view of protein, fiber and carbohydrate of carcass (P≤0.05)

Effects of Escherichia coli-derived phytase on growth performance, serological parameters, apparent nutrient digestibility, liver antioxidant, and gut proteolytic enzymes of Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius Kessler, 1877)

This study investigated the effect of Escherichia coli-derived phytase under the brand name Phyzyme® XP (PHZ) on the efficiency of substituting part of fish meal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) within six treatments, including control (S0) (basal diet containing FM), S0P (basal diet + 0.02% PHZ), S20 (20% SBM), S20P (20% SBM + 0.02% PHZ), S40 (40% SBM), and S40P (40% SBM + 0.02% PHZ) in juvenile Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius Kessler, 1877) weighing 148.1 ± 2.98 g for 12 weeks. The S0 and S0P treatments had the best growth performance with a significant difference compared to the S40 and S40P treatments (P < 0.05). Serum glucose level in the S0 treatment showed a significant decrease compared to S40 and S40P treatments (P < 0.05). Decreased cholesterol and increased total immunoglobulin in the serum of S20, S20P, S40, and S40P treatments were significant compared to the S0 (P < 0.05). Serum triglyceride levels increased significantly in the S20, S40, and S40P treatments compared to the S0 (P < 0.05). The decrease in liver activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and also the significant increase in liver activity of malondialdehyde in the S40 and S40P treatments were significant compared to the S0 (P < 0.05). The apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter was significantly increased in the S20, S20P, S40, and S40P treatments compared to the S0 and S0P treatments (P < 0.05). The highest body muscle protein was observed in the S0P treatment, which was significant compared to the S40 treatment (P < 0.05). The results showed that the addition of 0.02% PHZ to the diet replaced with 20% and 40% SBM instead of FM seems no any benefit for the fish. It is suggested to study Phyzyme® XP in doses higher than 0.02% to reduce the negative effects of SBM in the diet more clearly

A survey of the functional, gut digestive, and serum antioxidant factors in Salmo trutta caspius (Kessler) fingerlings with the application of a dietary synbiotic

This study evaluated the effectiveness of BetaPlus® combined with isomalto-oligosaccharide (IMO) in Caspian brown trout, Salmo trutta caspius (Kessler), fingerlings. A total of 120 Caspian brown trout (8.75 ± 0.03 g) were fed in two treatments, including the control diet and the synbiotic diet (0.1% BetaPlus® + 0.2% IMO) in three replicates per treatment for seven weeks. The growth indices (final weight, weight gain, average daily growth, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio) exhibited significant improvement in the fish fed the synbiotic diet (P < 0.05). The highest ash crude protein, and crude fiber, as well as the lowest crude lipid, dry matter, and carbohydrate detected in the carcass of fish treated with the synbiotic were significant (P < 0.05). In addition, the fish fed the synbiotic diet showed significantly higher gut trypsin activity and trypsin:chymotrypsin ratio, as well as serum superoxide dismutase activity (P < 0.05). Thus, BetaPlus® in combination with IMO can effectively lead to a considerable increase in functional factors, as well as gut proteases and serum antioxidant indicators in S. trutta caspius fingerlings

Novel and emerging prebiotics: Advances and opportunities

Consumers are conscientiously changing their eating preferences toward healthier options, such as functional foods enriched with pre- and probiotics. Prebiotics are attractive bioactive compounds with multidimensional beneficial action on both human and animal health, namely on the gastrointestinal tract, cardiometabolism, bones or mental health. Conventionally, prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which generally present favorable organoleptic properties, temperature and acidic stability, and are considered interesting food ingredients. However, according to the current definition of prebiotics, application categories other than food are accepted, as well as non-carbohydrate substrates and bioactivity at extra-intestinal sites. Regulatory issues are considered a major concern for prebiotics since a clear understanding and application of these compounds among the consumers, regulators, scientists, suppliers or manufacturers, health-care providers and standards or recommendation-setting organizations are of utmost importance. Prebiotics can be divided in several categories according to their development and regulatory status. Inulin, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and lactulose are generally classified as well established prebiotics. Xylooligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, chitooligosaccharides and lactosucrose are classified as “emerging” prebiotics, while raffinose, neoagaro-oligosaccharides and epilactose are “under development.” Other substances, such as human milk oligosaccharides, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, protein hydrolysates and peptides are considered “new candidates.” This chapter will encompass actual information about the non-established prebiotics, mainly their physicochemical properties, market, legislation, biological activity and possible applications. Generally, there is a lack of clear demonstrations about the effective health benefits associated with all the non-established prebiotics. Overcoming this limitation willThe authors acknowledge the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UIDB/04469/2020 unit and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte; and the projects COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684), FoSynBio (POCI-01-0145-FEDER 029549) and NewFood (NORTE-01-0246-FEDER-000043). CA and BBC acknowledge their grants (UMINHO/BPD/4/2019 and SFRH/BD/132324/2017) from FCT