Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum: a Rare Association with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a rare congenital disorder of connective tissues which involves the skin and musculoskeletal system. There are also some reports for the involvement of the central and peripheral nervous systems. We want to present a very rare coassociation of EDS, spondylolisthesis, and Agenesis of the corpus callosum in an Iranian lady

Identification Spatial Effects of Space Economy in Peripheral Areas of Sanandaj

Areas around cities are crystallization space organization with natural, social, economic and physical revelation in geographic context to another that inform in context of dynamic interaction of human and environment within economical and social system. In capitalism organizations space formation in order to goals of circulation and accumulation capital and in finally adapted to administrative and political structure and economic base each geographical place in priorities of accumulation of capital will form forms, structure and functions of different. The type of this research is descriptive-analytical and is based on the process of combining multiple methods. Therefore, this research attempt to evaluate the spatial effects of space economy revolution in the peripheral areas of Sanandaj. In this regard, It were identified criteria for space economy revolution in four dimensions social, economic, physical – environmental and infrastructure to identify the most important spatial effects of space economy revolution in the study area, with using multi – criteria decision analysis methods FTOPSIS in each dimension have been recognized. The results show that of the most important spatial effects of Space Economy Revolution in the economic sector include rising land prices, buying and selling land for farming and gardening, reduction in the area under cultivation, increased investment in real estate sector (buy and sell housing). The most important social effects of Space Economy Revolution in social dimension are rural population growth, increasing rural – urban migration and most important physical – environmental effects of Space Economy Revolution in the peripheral villages of Sanandaj include garden and agricultural land conversion to second home, destruction of natural landscapes of villages, and the spread of illegal construction. And in the infrastructure facilities and services dimension, the effects of Space Economy Revolution in the peripheral villages of Sanandaj include improving infrastructure of services, improving access to communication services and development of financial services such as Post Bank and Corporations

Explanation the experiences of mothers with gestational diabetes about the factors affecting self-care: A qualitative study

Background and aims: Diabetes is the most common medical complication of pregnancy. This disease is a growing health problem in the world. Self-care is the most important factor in the control of chronic diseases such as diabetes. Several factors include biological factors, psychological, economic, social, cultural and health care system. Community Treatment is effective directly and indirectly on self-care behaviors in patients with diabetes.The aim of this study was to assess mothers, experiences with gestational diabetes on the factors influencing self-care. Methods: This study is a qualitative conventional content analysis research. In this study, data were collected by semi-structured individual interviews. Interviews were performed based on interview guidance. Participants were pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes in 24th-36th week of pregnancy who referred to the clinics affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. After 12 interviews with participants, data were saturated. Conventional content analysis was done for data analysis. To assess the accuracy and reliability of data, four criteria provided by Lincoln and Guba, including dependability, credibility, confirmability and transferability were used. For the analysis of qualitative data in this study, the conventional qualitative content analysis methods and software MAXQDA 10 was used. Results: Perception of pregnant women led to the extraction of two themes: barriers and facilitators to self-care. The former was featured with four main categories: insolvency, perceived problems, admission disease and support from others. 13 sub- categories were also classified in the main form. Results showed that mothers for self- care actions, need to get further information via health-care provider and get more support from their relatives. It was also found barriers and facilitators to take care of mothers in most societies is almost the same. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is needed to do appropriate proceedings to promoting culture, providing appropriate information and higher quality services, and promoting healthlevel and self-care of mothers with gestational diabetes

Health Status in Rural Iran during Qajar and Pahlavi Era

زمینه و هدف: بهداشت و درمان از جمله مسائل مهم در مطالعات تاریخ اجتماعی جدید محسوب می‌شود. سطح بهداشت متأثر از موضوعاتی چون خوراک، پوشاک، مسکن و درآمد سرانه بوده و خود بر استانداردهای زندگی تأثیر می‌گذارد. بنابراین با درک اوضاع بهداشت و درمان در یک جامعه، به شناختی مناسب از سطح زندگی آن پی می‌بریم. مواد و روش‌ها: در مقاله حاضر با مراجعه به منابع تاریخی، سفرنامه‌ها و پایگاه‌های علمی به مانند Elsevier و Sciense Direct و جستجو در Googe Scholar تلاش شد تا تصویری روشن از اوضاع بهداشتی جامعه روستایی در ایران دوره قاجار و پهلوی ارائه گردد. یافته‌ها: با بررسی‌ معیارهایی چون میزان بالای زاد و ولد و مرگ و میر به ویژه در میان کودکان می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که شرایط بهداشتی جامعه روستایی در دوره مورد بحث کم‌تر به حد استاندارد (با معیارهای امروزی) می‌رسیده است. نتیجه‌گیری: عواملی چون نظام اجتماعی، ساختار کالبدی روستا، فقر، ناآگاهی و خرافه‌باوری که خود نتیجه ناکارآمدی و ناتوانی حکومت سیاسی و توسعه‌طلبی استعمار بودند، بر پایین ماندن سطح بهداشت اثر گذاشتند. ورود دانش پزشکی نوین به ویژه پس از فراگیرشدن بیماری‌هایی چون وبا باعث شد تا تحولات گسترده‌ای در عرصه بهداشت در سده اخیر صورت بگیرد.Background and Aim: Hygiene is one of the most important issues in new social history. The ‎level of health influenced by subjects like food, clothing and housing and per capita ‎income and in other side, affects standards of living. So, realizing ‎the health condition of a society, led us to understand standard of ‎living. Materials and Methods: This article focuses on rural people as a major part of society until ‎‎1970, which had the main role in national ‎production. I will go to investigate that what was the health situation of ‎rural society in Qajar and Pahlavi Iran, and which factors had effected this ‎condition? Findings: written and oral sources and field research-show ‎that rural society wasn't in an acceptable situation (at least in compare ‎with today's criteria), a reality that can approve by high birth rate and ‎mortality, especially among children. Conclusion: The social system, village structure, ‎poverty, ignorance and superstition were most effective factors that ‎influenced the hygiene. By the time, the extension of modern medical ‎science, especially after the spread of diseases such as cholera, led the state to ‎develop healthcare during the last century. This article will help to ‎progress rural studies in Iran.   Please cite this article as: Rafei M, Yazdani S, Afrakhteh H. Health Status in Rural Iran during Qajar and Pahlavi Era. Med Hist J 2017; 9(31): 23-39

Analysis of Factors Affecting Adoption and Application of Sprinkler Irrigation by Farmers in Famenin County, Iran

Due to its location in the dry belt, the vast country of Iran has always been faced with the problem of water shortages. In such a climate one should take measures to increase the productivity and improve the efficiency of irrigation through expansion of water-conserving technology in the agricultural sector, as this is the largest and most important consumer of water. Therefore this study aimed at investigating factors affecting the adoption and application of sprinkler irrigation technology by farmers in the county of Famenin, Iran. Survey research was the dominant approach. The statistical population consisted of farmers in the Famenin County, and, using Cochran’s formula, 280 of them were selected through multi-stage stratified random-sampling equally among adopters and non-adopters. In order to assess the validity of the questionnaire the opinions of experts were used and to measure the reliability of the questionnaire Cronbach’s alpha statistic was used (82%). The results showed the adoption of sprinkler irrigation systems to be influenced by environmental factors such as the area under cultivation, access to water, water quality, and non-environmental factors such as the workforce number in the family, employment diversity, and participation in extension education and courses on agricultural water management. Ultimately the logit model is estimated in this paper. Adopters have also expressed reasons such as failure to adequately train farmers for maintenance after system installation, scientific and practical justifications, lack of availability of efficient repairs, inappropriate design and implementation by companies, low-quality components and fittings, clogging of sprinklers due to salty water, non-compliance with environmental conditions, difficulty using machines, the large area occupied by these systems, transportation, parts shortage, lack of security and the possibility of the theft of parts and fittings, and communal ownership of water resources as their dissatisfaction factors

Increased risk of pre-eclampsia (PE) among women with the history of migraine

The Objective of this study was to assess possible association of history of migraine with pre-eclampsia (PE). This was a retrospective study to compare history of migraine in 90 women affected by PE with 90 women without PE as the control group. They recruited by a nonrandomized consecutive sampling method. Data were collected by a questionnaire including demographic, medical, obstetrics, and migraine assessment sections. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results showed an increased risk of PE in women with history of migraine (odds ratio: 2.87; p < 0.05). Result demonstrated that migraine history in the case group is 144 and in control group is 56. Gestational age (GA) at delivery and weight of neonate (WN) were significantly lower compared to control (GA: 37.3 ± 2.6 vs. 38.7± 1.3 weeks T test; P < 0.01) (WN: 2930 ± 690 vs. 3330 ± 420; T test; P < 0.0). Cesarean section was more frequent in the PE group compared to the control group 37 (42) vs. 14 (15.6); chi square; p < 0.01. The association of migraine with PE is the result of some similar mechanism leading to endothelial dysfunction. Frequent reports of an association between migraine and PE in different populations suggest a history of migraine as a risk factor for PEgestational hypertension (GH). Copyright © Informa UK Ltd

Urogenital chlamydia trachomatis treatment failure with azithromycin: A meta-analysis

Background: Chlamydia Trachomatis is one of the most common pathogens transmitted through the genital tract in humans that leads to urogenital infection. Objective: Given the high prevalence of chlamydia infection and its adverse effects on the health of women and men, the present meta-analysis was conducted to determine the rate of treatment failure with azithromycin. Materials and Methods: Databases including MEDLINE, ISI - Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, ProQuest, and Science Direct were searched for articles published between 1991 and 2018. The quality of the selected articles was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Heterogeneity was determined using the I2 and Cochrane Q-Test. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to compare the prevalence rates on different levels of the variables. Results: A total of 21 articles that met the inclusion criteria were ultimately assessed. The pooled estimate of azithromycin failure rate was 11.23% (CI 95%: 8.23%-14.24%). Also, the azithromycin failure rate was 15.87% (CI 95%: 10.20%-21.54%) for the treatment of urethritis, 7.41% (CI 95%: 0.60%-14.22%) for cervicitis, and 7.14% (CI 95%: 10.90%-3.39%) for genital chlamydia. The pooled estimate of failure rate difference was 2.37% (CI 95%: 0.68%-4.06%), which shows that azithromycin has a higher failure rate in the treatment of chlamydia compared to doxycycline and other examined medications. The meta-regression results showed that the patient’s age contributes significantly to the heterogeneity for azithromycin treatment failure rate (β = 0.826; p = 0.017). Conclusion: Azithromycin has a higher failure rate than doxycycline and other studied medications in treating urogenital chlamydia infections. Key words: Azithromycin, Chlamydia trachomatis, Urogenital, Treatment failure, Meta-analysis

Spatial Reflection of Drought and Providing Key Management Approaches (Case study: Villages in Central District of Sib and Soran County)

Sistan and Baluchestan provinces and especially Sib and Soran cities have been affected by drought for many years. Most of the effects of this crisis have affected the agricultural sector, especially in rural areas. The occurrence of drought in this city has many direct and indirect effects on the lives of villagers and, certainly, it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of this phenomenon in terms of natural factors and the occurrence of droughts; Therefore, the first step to deal with and reduce the economic and social effects of the phenomenon will be to know and accurately understand the management factors on the occurrence and intensification of this phenomenon. With this knowledge, the study investigated this issue in rural areas of Sib and Soran cities. Quantitative research is practical in terms of purpose. Because the goal of the research is to achieve rules that are used in real and practical situations and help to improve executive methods. 19 villages and based on Cochran's formula, 300 families were selected as a sample. Data collection on two questionnaires; First questionnaire was to identify the consequences and spatial effects of drought and the second questionnaire was in the form of the Delphi technique to determine the effective management factors and strategies for drought. The risk of drought in rural areas has had negative social, environmental, and economic consequences. The spread of false and illegal businesses, the depletion of springs, wells, and surface water resources, as well as the instability of residents' livelihoods have been among the most important negative consequences of drought. On the other hand, lack of job diversity and lack of government investment is the most important management factors in aggravating the effects of drought, in which changing the pattern of water consumption and its storage as effective solutions were obtained

Traumatic Dissection of Carotid Artery in a 34-Year-Old Patient Presenting to Emergency Department; a Case Report

دیسکسیون شریان های ناحیه گردن از جمله شریان کاروتید از جمله آسیب های عروقی متعاقب ترومای بلانت ناحیه گردن به شمار می روند. تظاهرات این عارضه معمولا تاخیری بوده و به شکل تظاهرات نورولوژیک خود را نشان می دهد. این عارضه در مجموع عامل حدود 2 درصد موارد انفارکت های مغزی است ولی 20 درصد علل استروک مغزی افراد زیر 45 سال می باشد. با هدف بحث و تاکید بر اهمیت این عارضه، در این مقاله به معرفی یک مورد از بروز دایسکسیون کاروتید مراجعه کننده به بخش اورژانس پرداخته ایم. بیمار خانم 34 ساله ای است که متعاقب همی پارزی چپ و دیزارتری و سردرد که از چند ساعت قبل شروع شده به بخش اورژانس آورده شد که 10 روز قبل سابقه بستری بدلیل تصادف و واژگونی ماشین داشت که بعد از انجام بررسی های لازم، با حال عمومی خوب ترخیص شده بود. در سی تی اسکن مغز شواهد انفارکت ایسکمیک تحت حاد در محدوده شریان مغزی میانی رویت شد. با توجه به سن بیمار و شواهد ایسکمی وسیع و شرح حال ترومای اخیر، با شک به دیسکسیون عروق گردنی جهت بیمار آنژیوگرافی انجام شد و تشخیص دیسکسیون شریان کاروتید مسجل گردید.Dissection of neck arteries including carotid artery is among the vascular injuries following blunt neck trauma. Manifestations of this injury are usually delayed and present as neurological problems. This injury is accountable for about 2% of cerebral infarctions but causes 20% of brain strokes in patients less than 45 years old. Aiming to discuss and emphasize the importance of this injury, in this article a case of carotid dissection presenting to emergency department (ED) is presented. The patient was a 34 year-old woman that visited ED following left hemiparesis, dysartery and headache that had initiated a few hours back. She had a history of hospital admission 10 days before due to car accident and rollover, and had been discharged with good general health following required examinations. In brain computed tomography (CT) scan, there was evidence of sub-acute ischemic infarction around the middle cerebral artery. Considering the age of the patient, evidence of wide ischemia and history of recent trauma, neck artery dissection was suspected and angiography was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis of carotid artery dissection.

Relative frequency of hepatitis B virus, human papilloma virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and herpes simplex viruses in the semen of fertile and infertile men in Shiraz, Iran: A cross-sectional study

Background: About 8-12% of couples on reproductive age suffers from infertility worldwide. Since 1993, the role of genital tract infections by microbes, including viruses that can infect the sperm, in human infertility has been proposed. Objective: To investigate the frequency of hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papilloma virus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in the semen of fertile and infertile men referred to the Mother and Child Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 350 men including 200 infertile and 150 fertile men were included. All semen samples were allowed to liquefy, followed by the assessment of sperm parameters. DNA was extracted using a DNA extraction kit (CinaGene, Tehran, Iran) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Detection of HBV, HPV, EBV, and HSV1/2 was done by the PCR method. Results: The mean age of the participants was 36 ± 7 yr. Molecular results showed that 16 samples (8%) of infertile men and 5 (3.3%) of fertile men were positive for HBV, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.069). Only one sample of the fertile participants was positive for HPV. None of the semen samples of the infertile or fertile groups was positive for the presence of EBV or HSV1/ 2. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that HBV, HPV, EBV, and HSV might not be involved in men’s infertility. Further studies are recommended for clarifying the role of these viruses in infertility. Key words: Male infertility, Hepatitis B virus, Human papilloma virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes simplex viruses