Performance Enhancing Drugs and Methods of Doping: Mode of Action and Dope Testing Methodologies

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) monitors each sport worldwide to ensure freedom from drug abuse. Abuse of Drugs or procedures specifically which are banned by WADA to artificially enhance the efficiency of sports-person is called DOPING.  The ban is imposed due to the side-effects of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs), lack of fairness in sports, and the deterioration of sport for the public. The use of PEDs damaging the spirit of sport, and therefore banned, by WADA and the International Olympic Committee. Fair play is a prerequisite to promote clean and safe sports. Doping is the intentional use of banned PEDs by athletic competitors that may be overtly or covertly assisted by Athlete support personnel. Besides, athletes (or athletic programs) taking unambiguous actions to escape exposure make worse the fair disobedience with dishonesty and cheating. Immunoassay, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS), Gel Electrophoresis, and Bio- /Chem-iluminescence technologies have been traditionally used in dope testing. There is a strong continuous requirement for further improving the quality of dope testing setups, processes, and procedures. Adoption of emerging technologies like metabolomics and the use of other omic technologies shall play a big role in continual improvements in dope testing. The present system in Doping Control is required to function in a more globally competitive, coordinated, and proactive manner. This review will outline a brief overview of the PEDs, their health impacts, history of their use, and their pharmacological impact. It also analyses comprehensive information on the Dope Testing Technologies available and in the offing

A Comparative Study of Intelligent Online e-Learning Systems

In recent decades there has been extremely rapid development in the area of Information Technology (IT), with different IT applications altering significantly as well. Online teaching and learning is one of the most popular IT applications. The primary objective of this essay is to examine and then compare the different e-learning designs. Some recommendations on the limits identified based on the analytical comparative analyses of these different designs have been offered as context of this research. This study highlights a number of research and design difficulties to enhance smart online learning systems to offer the cultural elements of online classrooms with a productive effect. The study also highlights the concerns that need to be addressed

A Study on Police Accountability and Custodial Violence in India

The present study aims to critically analyse the cases of custodial violence in the nation and also crucially examine the reasons of custodial deaths in India. The study attempted to enrich the existing literature on “A Study on police accountability and custodial violence in India”. In the study, the custodial violence has been divided into three categories namely physical, sexual and psychological. Various reasons have been encountered for the custodial deaths such as suicide, death due to treatment in the hospital, injuries sustained prior to custody, physical assault by police, while escaping from custody, road accidents connected with the journey etc. The study gives various recommendations to improve the police administration and foster the need for reforms in the working of police officials

Physiotherapist’s Perspective to Importance of Pathophysiology of Supraspinatus Tendonitis in Proper Rehabilitation of Pain and Dysfunction

This article focuses on the physiotherapist perspective on the importance of pathophysiology of the Supraspinatus. Tendonitis is a very frequent cause of shoulder pain. The tendinopathy of supraspinatus most frequently affects people involved in various sports driven actions and above the head work in our daily living. It is thought to be caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, but for simplification they were divided into Anatomical, Biomechanical, Vascularity, Activity related, Biochemical and Age-related factors. The following data-bases were searched for both published and unpublished studies in English language for the period of 1962 to 2022: PubMed, EMBRACE, MedLine, Web of Science, Scopus. The following terms were used to carry out the search: Shoulder, impingement, supraspinatus, pain, pathophysiology, physiotherapy implication, athletes, older adults. We conclude that it is important to have in-depth knowledge about these concepts of pathophysiology of pain in terms of all possible etiologies and the healing process which helps the physiotherapist to make wise decisions about the rehabilitation process

Abiotic Stress Management in Vegetable Crops

Vegetables are highly sensitive in nature thus affected by various biotic and abiotic stress. Any adverse effect of non-living elements on living things in a particular habitat is known as abiotic stress. The production and productivity of vegetable crops got highly effected by the extreme event of climate change i.e, heat stress, water stress, drought, heavy rainfall, salinity etc. Vegetables are full of various nutrients which help in lowering the risk of various diseases such as cancer, heart disease, blood pressure, diabetes etc. Most of the vegetables contain more than 90% of water thus highly sensitive to climate change. Sudden change in climatic factors like in temperature affects all stages of plant growth, pollination, flowering and fruiting which directly reduces the yields and quality of major vegetables. Vegetable crops like beans or tomatoes may lose some of their blossoms at such high temperatures, especially in dry or windy conditions, which will lead to a poor fruit set. High temperatures may harm sweet corn pollination and result in inadequately filled ears of corn. Few fruits are produced because cucurbits (the family that includes pumpkins and squash) typically develop mostly male flowers when temperatures are high

Phrenic Nerve Impingement and Effect of Superficial Neck Flexors Stretching in Improving Diaphragmatic Function among Patient with Chronic Neck Pain

Background: The phrenic nerve is formed on the lateral border of scalenus anterior. It runs vertically downward on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior. The muscle is oblique and nerve cross it obliquely from its lateral to medial border. In this part the nerve is related anteriorly sternocleidomastoid. The decline in the diaphragm function can occur due to phrenic nerve block but to the best of our search, there is dearth of literature pertaining to involvement of phrenic nerve in patient with chronic neck pain secondary to superficial neck flexors tightness. So, evaluation of these muscle for tightness may be considered which may affect the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP). Objective: To find the change in diaphragmatic function secondary to phrenic nerve impingement measured through maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) following stretching of superficial neck flexors in patient with chronic neck pain Methods: An experimental (pre-post design) study involving 40 subjects with mean (±SD) age 22.4 ± 2.8 years was performed. Using purposive sampling 40 subjects (77.5% female and 22.5% male) were used to check phrenic nerve impingement by looking at the effect of superficial neck flexors stretching (sternocleidomastoid and anterior scalene) in improving diaphragmatic function in patient with chronic neck pain. The included subject’s diaphragmatic function was measured through maximum inspiratory pressure using a device capsule sensing pressure gauge followed by stretching of superficial neck flexors on both sides. After two minutes of stretching diaphragmatic function was again measured. Results: There was increase in diaphragmatic function following stretching of superficial neck flexors by 13.2cm H2O which was found to be highly significant statistically with p value < 0.01 Conclusion: The result of present study concluded that superficial neck flexors stretching was effective in treating the impingement of phrenic nerve as measured through maximum inspiratory pressure in patients with chronic neck pain

Effectiveness of Distraction Technique on Pain Reduction After Administration Subcutaneous Injection Among Children in Immunization Rooms

Pain is described as "an unpleasant, subjective sensory and emotional experience associated with existing or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage," according to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). Suffering results from untreated or ineffectively treated pain. The method of administering medication subcutaneously, which is frequently done by nurses, is associated with discomfort, pain, and injury to the tissue that is being injected. The primary goal of the study was to determine whether using a distraction approach helped children in the immunisation rooms of particular hospitals in Gurugram feel less discomfort after receiving a subcutaneous injection. Materials and Methods: 60 children were chosen by the purposive selection strategy from the hospital Gurugram's immunization rooms. The chosen individuals are then split into two equally sized groups. Results: In the assessment, the experimental group's mean score on the pre-facing rating scale was 6.93, while the control group's was 7.13, with an SD of 1.252. The experimental group's mean score on the post-faces rating scale is 2.00, whereas the control group's is 6.47, with a standard deviation of 1.548. Conclusion : The outcome demonstrates a movement in the sample's level of pain (hurts worse, hurts a lot, hurts a little more, hurts even more, hurts a little, doesn't hurt) in favour of the experimental group. When compared to the control group, it is because of the distraction strategy (an electronic moving toy)

SYNTHESIS OF α- HYDROXY-β, γ-UNSATURATED ESTERS: HClO4-SiO2 CATALYZED ISOMERISATION OF GLYCIDIC ESTERS TO α-HYDROXY- β, γ-UNSATURATED ESTERS

α-hydroxy-β, γ-unsaturated esters are important building blocks of bioactive compounds, natural products, achiral and chiral vinyl epoxides. These could be easily obtained by isomerization of glycidic esters. In this paper we have reported easy and convenient way of synthesis of α-hydroxy-β, γ-unsaturated esters by isomerisation of glycidic esters using inexpensive catalyst HClO4-SiO2 and eco-friendly ionic liquid. Moderate to good yields with lower reaction times reported

Locating Five Stages of Grief of Dr. Kalanithi: A Textual Analysis of When Air Becomes Breath

This study takes place in the realm of psychological literature. It analyzes the autobiography of American Dr. Paul Kalanithi, When Air Biomes Breath. The story revolves around Dr. Kalanithi’s life being a patient of lung cancer at the last stage, IV. The book is marvelous and incredible, life-affirming meditation from this remarkable man, on the subject of difficulty of confronting mortality and the bond between doctor and patient. This is a memoir about his life and disease, combating metastatic lung cancer. He shares grief, suffering, turmoil and psychological trauma and its balance point in the book. Similarly, the researchers have inspected the stages of grief Dr. suffered from. For this, Textual Analysis of the book is conducted through Kubler-Ross Model of grief as a theoretical framework. The study is designed descriptively. The selected excerpts from the story are analyzed to reach the research question. The findings of the study reveal that Dr. Kalanithi had deeply suffered from five stages of grief as proposed by Ross, but his circle of grief goes in contrast. He randomly accepted, rejected, became angry and denied, and again accepted this turmoil. Relatively, this study is helpful for understanding the model and the storyline of Dr. Kalanithi in the realm of psychological literature

English Language Teaching with Engagement in Mind : Implementing Post Method Approaches

This research studies the post method approaches in the English language teaching context of Pakistan. The study argues that methods are colonial legacy which are imposed upon all the cultural and social settings. The post-method approaches like particularity, practicality and possibility can bring drastic change in English language teaching of Pakistani context. This research has used qualitative questionnaires for collecting data. The selection of research participants is based on purposive sampling. The findings reveal that the post method approach makes teaching and learning effective by emphasizing on the conxtet of the students and situation. Therefore, this study has investigated the post method strategies and approaches practiced in the ELT context of Pakistan