Effects Of The Use Of Calculators, The Polya Heuristic and Worked Examples On Performance in Learning Mathematics From a Cognitive Load Perspective

Cognitive load theory holds that if an instructional format reduces extraneous cognitive load andlor increases germane cognitive load during learning, as compared to another instructional format, then it will be more efficient in promoting learning, provided that the total cognitive load does not exceed the total mental resources. Based on this premise, a series of four experiments was conducted to investigate the use of calculators, the Polya heuristic and worked examples in an attempt to generate an alternative instructional format that is more instructionally efficient than the conventional one to teach Percentage to Form 1 students. It was hypothesized that the use of calculators and the use of worked examples can reduce cognitive load during leaming and lead to better learning performance while the use of the Polya heuristic increases cognitive load and reduces learning performance. The results from the experiments indicated that the use of calculators and worked examples reduced cognitive load and led to better learning performance but the use of the Polya heuristic produced zero effects. Based on the results from the experiments, an alternative instructional format, called the calcworked instructional format, that incorporated the use of calculators and the use of partial completion worked examples was generated. The calcworked instructional format was compared with the conventional instructional format and was found to be more instructionally efficient

Tygelspänningens påverkan på hästens beteende

Denna studie fördjupar sig i tygelspänning och hur denna påverkar hästens beteende samt vilka oönskade beteenden som uppkommer i samband med träning. Andra studier har visat att orsaken till oönskade beteenden kan bero på olika typer av bett, ryttarens kunskap samt vilka metoder som används för att träna hästen. När hästen är van vid att bli berömd och belönad finns det mindre skäl för att hästen känner obehag eller rädsla. Det kan generellt antas att ju mer hästen förstår sin uppgift, desto mindre obehag känner hästen och färre oönskade beteenden uppträder under träningen. Det finns många anledningar till att hästen utvecklar oönskade beteenden, i den här studien förklaras olika inlärningsmetoder som tillvänjning, positiv förstärkning och negativ förstärkning. Hästen är ett bytesdjur och de kommer alltid att fly från något de tycker är skrämmande eller obehagligt. När obehag uppstår eller när hästen inte förstår ryttarens signaler kommer den att försöka med olika beteenden för att komma ifrån det obehagliga. Olika typer av bett eller dåligt tillpassade bett kan även orsaka obehag, smärta och skador i hästens munhåla, vilket kan leda till oönskade beteenden. Ett problem som identifierats är att ryttare och hästfolk inte har tillräckligt kunskap om olika inlärningsmetoder. Det finns inte heller tillräckligt med forskning om hur olika mängd tygelspänning upplevs av hästen. Syftet med denna studie är att hitta svaren på dessa fyra frågeställningar: Vilket eller vilka beteenden uppvisas oftast vid tygelspänning? Hur stor är skillnaden i mängd tygelspänning mellan unga och vuxna hästar? Hur stor är skillnaden i mängd tygelspänning mellan hopp- och dressyrhästar? Vilket beteende är associerat med mest respektive och minst tygelspänning? I denna studie analyserades filmmaterial från en tidigare studie. Tjugo dressyr- och hopphästar (tio hästar i varje grupp) i olika åldrar (två olika åldersgrupper med tio hästar i varje grupp) ingick i försöket och hästarna bar träns med en tygelspänningsmätare. Hästarna tränades att ta ett steg bakåt genom en tygelsignal och när de utförde rätt beteende släpptes tygelspänningen. Detta upprepades åtta gånger för varje häst. Hela försöket dokumenterades med video och varje beteende under tygelsignalen registrerades i ett protokoll för varje häst. I protokollen registrerades en start- och stopptid för varje beteende. Ett etogram användes för att dokumentera de sju beteendena. Senare sammanfattades data från filmmaterialet och beteendeprotokoll. Medeltygeltrycket per beteende (medel av vänster och höger tygel) beräknades per beteende. Därefter räknades tygelspänningsmedelvärden ut över olika beteenden, åldersgrupper och disciplinerna (hopp/dressyr). Resultaten visade att Öppen mun, Dra i tyglarna och huvudet Uppåt var de vanligaste beteendena som hästarna visade. Det fanns ingen markant skillnad på medeltygelspänning mellan hopp- och dressyrhästar samt de unga och de vuxna hästarna. Beteenden huvudet Bakåt, Dra i tyglarna, samt huvudet Framåt och Nedåt upprepades ofta och hade mest tygelspänning hos hopphästarna jämfört med dressyrhästarna. Hos dressyrhästarna var i stället beteendet huvudet Uppåt som hade mest tygelspänning. I hela gruppen, var beteenden som visade sig ha det högsta medelvärdet att Dra i tyglarna, huvudet Framåt och huvudet Nedåt. De beteenden som visade minst medeltygelspänning var Biter på bettet och huvudet Uppåt. Denna studie kom fram till att det inte fanns någon markant skillnad på medeltygelspänning mellan de två olika disciplinerna hoppning och dressyr samt unga och vuxna hästar. Det fanns skillnader mellan de olika beteendena mellan hopp- och dressyrhästar. Vi anser att det för att undvika att utsätta hästen för obehag är det viktigt att ryttare och hästfolk lär sig hur hästen utbildas på ett etiskt och korrekt sätt. Därigenom kan man sannolikt bidra till att hästar uppvisar färre oönskade beteenden.This study focuses on rein tension and how it effects horses and their behavior, especially unwanted behaviors during training. The cause of unwanted behaviors varies from which methods the horse was trained, to the variety of bits and the rider’s knowledge. The more the horse understands its task, the less discomfort and unwanted behaviors appear. This study discusses different learning methods such as habituation, positive- and negative reinforcement. Bits may also cause discomfort, pain and injuries in the horse’s sensitive mouth cavity and it may lead to unwanted behaviors. A problem that has been identified is that riders and people handling horses lack knowledge of different learning methods. There is not enough research about how rein tension affects the horse. The purpose of this study is to find the answers to these four questions: Which behavior(s) occurred most frequently during rein tension? Is there a difference in rein tension between young and adult horses? Is there a difference in rein tension between show jumping horses and dressage horses? Which behaviors are associated with the most and the least rein tension? In this study, film material was analyzed from an earlier study. Twenty jumping and dressage horses (ten horses in each group) of different ages (two age groups with ten horses in each) were filmed. In the films the horses wore headpieces that had a rein tension meter attached. The horses were trained to back up from a rein signal and once they stepped back, the rein tension was released. This was done eight times for each of the 20 horses. In a protocol for each horse, start and stop times for every behavior were recorded from the videos. The data from the videos and protocols were summarized. The average rein tension (the mean of the left, and right rein) was calculated per behavior. Thereafter the mean of rein tension was calculated for the different behaviors, age groups and the disciplines (jumping/dressage). The results showed that Open mouth, Pulling on the reins and head Upward were the most frequent behaviors that occurred. There was so difference in average rein tension between jumping, and dressage horses and for young and older horses. Jumpers displayed most rein tension, and occurring behaviors during head Backwards, Pulling on the reins, head Forward and head Downward. The dressage horses displayed the most rein tension and occurring behavior during head Upward. The behaviors that proved to have the highest rein tension in the whole group were Pulling on the reins, head Forward and head Downward. The behavior that showed the least rein tension in the whole group were Biting on the bit and Upward. Concluding from this study, there was no difference in average rein tension between jumping- and dressage horses, and young and adult horses. There were differences in behaviors between the discipline groups. It’s important to educate horse people to create good horse welfare

Hasil Turnitin ICET4SD 2017 an. Bambang Purwanggono dengan judul "Effect of internal R&D activities to the accumulation of organizational technical knowledge with the mediation role of absorptive capacity to establish the innovation capability of electronic industries"

Abstract. Innovation is a strategy for the electronics industry to create a sustainable competitive advantage, in the midst of a rapidly changing environment with all its complexity. Seven AT program as an effort for PT. Hartono Istana Teknologi (Polytron) into enterprise knowledge, will accelerate the innovation process, combined with good organizational technical knowledge management. Organizational technical knowledge will be instrumental in innovation capabilities properly if there is an internal R & D activities that support and absorptive capacity as a mediator. This study reviewed the organizational technical knowledge influence to innovation capability, the influence of R & D activities to organizational technical knowledge, as well as the role of absorptive capacity as a mediator. The study was conducted by distributing questionnaires to 130 employees of PT. Hartono Istana Teknologi. Data processing was conducted using SEM. The results showed that the absorptive capacity mediate the relationship between R & D activities and organizational technical knowledge by 51%, and organizational technical knowledge affect innovation capabilities by 64%

Missed tuberous sclerosis complex with multi-system complications in a single patient

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by widespread clinical manifestations. Early diagnosis is usually possible when typical TSC related skin lesions and neurologic presentations are detected in young patients. Undiagnosed TSC patients are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality as disease progression will inevitably lead to complications. While case reports of single complications in pediatric patients have been documented, to the best of our knowledge, multi-system complications of TSC in adults have yet to be reported in the literature. We present a case of tuberous sclerosis diagnosed in adulthood with complications involving the central nervous, renal and respiratory systems. This case highlights the need for a multidisciplinary approach in the management of TSC as well as the role of imaging in both diagnosis and intervention

Spatially-dense 3D facial asymmetry assessment in both typical and disordered growth

Mild facial asymmetries are common in typical growth patterns. Therefore, detection of disordered facial growth patterns in individuals characterized by asymmetries is preferably accomplished by reference to the typical variation found in the general population rather than to some ideal of perfect symmetry, which rarely exists. This presents a challenge in developing an asymmetry assessment tool that is applicable, without modification, to detect both mild and severe facial asymmetries. In this paper we use concepts from geometric morphometrics to obtain robust and spatially-dense asymmetry assessments using a superimposition protocol for comparison of a face with its mirror image. Spatially-dense localization of asymmetries was achieved using an anthropometric mask consisting of uniformly sampled quasi-landmarks that were automatically indicated on 3D facial images. Robustness, in the sense of an unbiased analysis under increasing asymmetry, was ensured by an adaptive, robust, least-squares superimposition. The degree of overall asymmetry in an individual was scored using a root-mean-squared-error, and the proportion was scored using a novel relative significant asymmetry percentage. This protocol was applied to a database of 3D facial images from 359 young healthy individuals and three individuals with disordered facial growth. Typical asymmetry statistics were derived and were mainly located on, but not limited to, the lower two-thirds of the face in males and females. The asymmetry in males was more extensive and of a greater magnitude than in females. This protocol and proposed scoring of asymmetry with accompanying reference statistics will be useful for the detection and quantification of facial asymmetry in future studies

Economic development via dam building: The role of the state government in the sarawak corridor of renewable energy and the impact on environment and local communities

Since 1970, as a consequence of Malaysia’s New Economic Policy (NEP) and its integration into the global economy, the development achievements and per capita GDP growth of the resource-rich state of Sarawak have been impressive—although not without problems. Since timber and petroleum resources are exhaustible, and there is a concern with finding new sources of growth and revenue, the federal and state governments advocated industrial diversification in 2008 via the development of a multibillion-ringgit regional development corridor called the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE). Central to the success of the huge developmental corridor was cheap hydroelectric power (HEP). For the Sarawak government, SCORE’s launch and eventual success were based on the availability of abundant water resources and suitable hydropower dam sites in the state. Yet, SCORE is likely to contribute to further environmental degradation and impact negatively upon the livelihoods and welfare of local communities. This paper examines this recent development trend and its consequences. Specifically, it examines the role of the Sarawak state government in advocating the construction of numerous HEP dams, the role of foreign and local investment in SCORE, and their collective impact upon the environment and local communities. What this paper reveals is the nexus of close relationships that binds key politicians in the state administration with crony businesses associated with foreign-linked contracts that has proven to be destructive socially and environmentall

Politics, business, the state and development in Sarawak 1970-2000

Includes bibliographical referencesAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DX218571 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo