¿Por qué la gasolina sigue subiendo en Colombia?

Los combustibles fósiles se han considerado desde el siglo pasado el motor de la economía mundial, durante los últimos años se ha presentado un aumento permanente de estos a nivel internacional, y de esta manera han impactado de una u otra forma el desarrollo de nuestra nación en la parte económica, política y social, por la cantidad de gravámenes a que están siendo sometidos en Colombia los combustibles específicamente la gasolina, convirtiéndose en una fuente invaluable de recursos para las finanzas fiscales del paí

Características microbiológicas del compost y vermicompost de Eisenia fetida L. elaboradas a partir de estiércol equino y estiércol bovino.

En el trabajo de tesis se tuvo como objetivo comparar las caracterización microbiológica de compost y vermicompost utilizando dos sustratos: estiércol equino y estiércol bovino

Intel·ligència artificial aplicada a un joc beat'em up en 2D

Creació d'un joc del tipus Arcade beat'em up en 2D utilitzant escenaris amb una certa profunditat de moviment i dotant als personatges no jugadors i altres objectes d'Intel·ligència Artificial de manera que el seu comportament no sigui sempre lineal i aprofitant-ho per afegir nivells de dificultat.Creación de un juego del tipo Arcade beat'em up en 2D utilizando escenarios con una cierta profundidad de movimiento y dotando a los personajes no jugadores y otros objetos de Inteligencia Artificial de manera que su comportamiento no sea siempre lineal y aprovechándolo para añadir niveles de dificultad.Development of an Arcade game type beat'em up in 2D using stages with some moving depth and providing the non playable characters and other objects with Artificial Intelligence so that their behavior is not always linear and taking advantage with this to add some difficulty level

2021

El consumo de carbón vegetal a nivel global se ha incrementado entre un 3 y 4% de forma anual en los últimos años. Su uso en México, es un factor socio-cultural por lo que su consumo podría llegar hasta las 700 mil toneladas cada año, con una perspectiva de crecimiento de 360 mil toneladas al 2030, lo que implicaría disponer de más de dos millones de metros cúbicos de madera para tal fin. En general, no existe un proceso estandarizado para la producción de carbón vegetal para una calidad homogénea, su elaboración se realiza de manera artesanal con diferentes especies forestales y en hornos de tierra rudimentarios, con técnicas que no brindan altos rendimientos. Además, su comercialización está llena de opacidades que limitan cuantificar los verdaderos volúmenes que se comercializan. Así, la elaboración y comercialización del carbón podría constituir una amenaza para el futuro de los recursos maderables. Dada esta problemática, el objetivo del texto es plantear la situación problemática que se observa entorno al comercio del carbón en México y expone la necesidad de investigación que permita transitar en la economía circular a través del manejo sustentable, por medio de una conversión energética alta (más carbón con menos madera), plantaciones exprofeso y el uso eficiente de residuos para fines energéticos, con estrategias tecnológicas que mitiguen los impactos ambientales negativos.Global charcoal consumption has increased between 3 and 4% annually in recent years. Its use in Mexico is a socio-cultural factor, so its consumption could reach up to 700 thousand tons each year, with a growth perspective of 360 thousand tons by 2030, which would imply having more than two million cubic meters. of wood for this purpose. In general, there is no standardized process for the production of charcoal for a homogeneous quality, its elaboration is carried out in a traditional way with different forest species and in rudimentary earth ovens, with techniques that do not provide high yields. In addition, its commercialization is full of opacities that limit the quantification of the true volumes that are commercialized. Thus, the processing and marketing of charcoal could constitute a threat to the future of timber resources. Given this problem, the objective of the text is to present the problematic situation that is observed around the coal trade in Mexico and exposes the need for research that allows moving in the circular economy through sustainable management, through high energy conversion (more coal with less wood), exprofeso plantations and the efficient use of waste for energy purposes, with technological strategies that mitigate negative environmental impact

Non-Excitatory Amino Acids, Melatonin, and Free Radicals: Examining the Role in Stroke and Aging

The aim of this review is to explore the relationship between melatonin, free radicals, and non-excitatory amino acids, and their role in stroke and aging. Melatonin has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its diverse physiological functions and potential therapeutic benefits by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Melatonin has been found to mitigate ischemic brain damage caused by stroke. By scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative damage, melatonin may help slow down the aging process and protect against age-related cognitive decline. Additionally, non-excitatory amino acids have been shown to possess neuroprotective properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in stroke and aging-related conditions. They can attenuate oxidative stress, modulate calcium homeostasis, and inhibit apoptosis, thereby safeguarding neurons against damage induced by stroke and aging processes. The intracellular accumulation of certain non-excitatory amino acids could promote harmful effects during hypoxia-ischemia episodes and thus, the blockade of the amino acid transporters involved in the process could be an alternative therapeutic strategy to reduce ischemic damage. On the other hand, the accumulation of free radicals, specifically mitochondrial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, accelerates cellular senescence and contributes to age-related decline. Recent research suggests a complex interplay between melatonin, free radicals, and non-excitatory amino acids in stroke and aging. The neuroprotective actions of melatonin and non-excitatory amino acids converge on multiple pathways, including the regulation of calcium homeostasis, modulation of apoptosis, and reduction of inflammation. These mechanisms collectively contribute to the preservation of neuronal integrity and functions, making them promising targets for therapeutic interventions in stroke and age-related disorders.This work was supported by MICIU (grant number PID2021-128133NB-I00/AEI/FEDER10.13039/501100011033) to J.M.H.-G. and V.J.C. enjoys a contract from the CAM “Investigo” program (PIP/2022-09971). A.R. thanks UCJC (INFLAMAMEL 2022-07 project) for its continued support

Comparative Study of Infliximab Versus Adalimumab in Refractory Uveitis Due to Behçet's Disease: National Multicenter Study of 177 Cases

Objective: To compare the efficacy of infliximab (IFX) versus adalimumab (ADA) as a first-line biologic drug over 1 year of treatment in a large series of patients with refractory uveitis due to Behçet's disease (BD). Methods: We conducted an open-label multicenter study of IFX versus ADA for BD-related uveitis refractory to conventional nonbiologic treatment. IFX or ADA was chosen as the first-line biologic agent based on physician and patient agreement. Patients received 3-5 mg/kg intravenous IFX at 0, 2, and 6 weeks and every 4-8 weeks thereafter, or 40 mg subcutaneous ADA every other week without a loading dose. Ocular parameters were compared between the 2 groups. Results: The study included 177 patients (316 affected eyes), of whom 103 received IFX and 74 received ADA. There were no significant baseline differences between treatment groups in main demographic features, previous therapy, or ocular sign severity. After 1 year of therapy, we observed an improvement in all ocular parameters in both groups. However, patients receiving ADA had significantly better outcomes in some parameters, including improvement in anterior chamber inflammation (92.31% versus 78.18% for IFX; P = 0.06), improvement in vitritis (93.33% versus 78.95% for IFX; P = 0.04), and best-corrected visual acuity (mean ± SD 0.81 ± 0.26 versus 0.67 ± 0.34 for IFX; P = 0.001). A nonsignificant difference was seen for macular thickness (mean ± SD 250.62 ± 36.85 for ADA versus 264.89 ± 59.74 for IFX; P = 0.15), and improvement in retinal vasculitis was similar between the 2 groups (95% for ADA versus 97% for IFX; P = 0.28). The drug retention rate was higher in the ADA group (95.24% versus 84.95% for IFX; P = 0.042). Conclusion: Although both IFX and ADA are efficacious in refractory BD-related uveitis, ADA appears to be associated with better outcomes than IFX after 1 year of follow-up