Educational policy in Nigerian: Challenges of Implementation and Ways Forward

This paper examines the challenges facing the implementation of educational policies in Nigeria. Secondary data were used in the papers. The secondary data were sourced from print materials and online journal and articles. The paper identified inadequate funding, inadequate infrastructural facilities, inadequate professional teachers, institutional corruption, lack of political will, insecurity challenge, lack of continuity in commitment to policy implementation, political instability, poor policy formulation, poor relationship between policy designer and policy implementer as challenges preventing effective implementation of educational policies in Nigeria. To address these challenges, the papers recommends the following; adequate funding of education, provision of adequate infrastructural facilities, fight institutional corruption, ensure adequate security in educational institutions, political officeholders should have positive political will towards implementation of educational policies, employment of more professional teachers, positive relationship between policy designers and policy implementer and political officeholders should have political will to continue with educational policies

Monitoring and evaluation of education in Nigeria: challenges and ways forwards

The article discusses the challenges preventing effective monitoring and evaluation of education in Nigeria. Secondary data was used to support the points raised in the article. The secondary data were sourced from print material and online publication by recognized institutions and individual author. There are many challenges militating against effective monitoring and evaluation of educational programme in Nigeria. Some of the challenges include; inadequate funding of monitoring and evaluation programmme, inadequate professional monitoring and evaluating officers, poor capacity development of monitoring and evaluating officers, corruptions, insecurity, inadequate monitoring and evaluation tools, political instability and lack of political support. To solve this challenges, this article recommends the following:  the government should provide: adequate funding for monitoring and evaluation programmme, employment of more professional evaluator and monitors, constant capacity development programme for  monitoring and evaluating officers, fight all institution corruption, provide security for Monitoring and Evaluating officers, provide adequate monitoring and evaluation tools, ensure political stability and the political officeholders should support the activities of monitoring and evaluation in the country

An Investigation on the Problems Facing Planning of Education in Kogi State, Nigeria

The research investigated the problems facing the planning of education in Kogi state, Nigeria. The study was carried out in Kogi state, Nigeria. Survey design was used for the study. The simple random sampling (lottery) method was used to select 90 respondents on the basis of proportional representation. Questionnaire was adopted for data collection. The questionnaire was divided into two section. Section A and section B. A four point rating scale was adopted and is shown as follows: Strongly Agree (SA) = (4points) Agree (A) = (3 points) Disagree (D) = (2 points) Strongly Disagree (SD) = (1 point). Test retest method was used to determine the reliability of the instruments. The study used simple percentage for data analysis. The study produced the following: inadequate funding of planning programme, inadequate data ,inadequate planning tools, shortage of professional educational planners ,lack of political will to support educational planning, lack of effective capacity development programme for educational planners and political influence are the a problems facing educational planning inKogi State, Nigeria. Based on this finding, the following were recommended: government should increase the funding for educational planning in the state, employ more professional planners, provide adequate planning materials and ensure effective data generation. This will allow for effective planning of education in the state

Monitoring and Evaluation of Education in Nigeria: Challenges and Ways Forwards

- The article discusses the challenges preventing effective monitoring and evaluation of education in Nigeria. Secondary data was used to support the points raised in the article. The secondary data were sourced from print material and online publication by recognized institutions and individual author. There are many challenges militating against effective monitoring and evaluation of educational programme in Nigeria. Some of the challenges include; inadequate funding of monitoring and evaluation programmme, inadequate professional monitoring and evaluating officers, poor capacity development of monitoring and evaluating officers, corruptions, insecurity, inadequate monitoring and evaluation tools, political instability and lack of political support. To solve this challenges, this article recommends the following:  the government should provide: adequate funding for monitoring and evaluation programmme, employment of more professional evaluator and monitors, constant capacity development programme for  monitoring and evaluating officers, fight all institution corruption, provide security for Monitoring and Evaluating officers, provide adequate monitoring and evaluation tools, ensure political stability and the political officeholders should support the activities of monitoring and evaluation in the country

Monitoring and Evaluation of Education in Nigeria: Challenges and Ways Forwards

- The article discusses the challenges preventing effective monitoring and evaluation of education in Nigeria. Secondary data was used to support the points raised in the article. The secondary data were sourced from print material and online publication by recognized institutions and individual author. There are many challenges militating against effective monitoring and evaluation of educational programme in Nigeria. Some of the challenges include; inadequate funding of monitoring and evaluation programmme, inadequate professional monitoring and evaluating officers, poor capacity development of monitoring and evaluating officers, corruptions, insecurity, inadequate monitoring and evaluation tools, political instability and lack of political support. To solve this challenges, this article recommends the following:  the government should provide: adequate funding for monitoring and evaluation programmme, employment of more professional evaluator and monitors, constant capacity development programme for  monitoring and evaluating officers, fight all institution corruption, provide security for Monitoring and Evaluating officers, provide adequate monitoring and evaluation tools, ensure political stability and the political officeholders should support the activities of monitoring and evaluation in the country

The incidence and types of medication errors in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in resource-constrained settings.

PurposeThis study assessed the incidence and types of medication errors, interventions and outcomes in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in selected HIV treatment centres in Nigeria.MethodsOf 69 health facilities that had program for active screening of medication errors, 14 were randomly selected for prospective cohort assessment. All patients who filled/refilled their antiretroviral medications between February 2009 and March 2011 were screened for medication errors using study-specific pharmaceutical care daily worksheet (PCDW). All potential or actual medication errors identified, interventions provided and the outcomes were documented in the PCDW. Interventions included pharmaceutical care in HIV training for pharmacists amongst others. Chi-square was used for inferential statistics and PResultsOf 6,882 participants, 67.0% were female and 93.5% were aged ≥ 15 years old. The participants had 110,070 medications filling/refilling visits, average (± SD) of 16.0 (± 0.3) visits per patient over the observation period. Patients were followed up for 9172.5 person-years. The number of drug items dispensed to participants was 305,584, average of 2.8 (± 0.1) drug items per patient. The incidence rate of medication errors was 40.5 per 100 person-years. The occurrence of medication errors was not associated with participants' sex and age (P>0.05). The major medications errors identified were 26.4% incorrect ART regimens prescribed; 19.8% potential drug-drug interaction or contraindication present; and 16.6% duration and/or frequency of medication inappropriate. Interventions provided included 67.1% cases of prescriber contacted to clarify/resolve errors and 14.7% cases of patient counselling and education; 97.4% of potential/actual medication error(s) were resolved.ConclusionThe incidence rate of medication errors was somewhat high; and majority of identified errors were related to prescription of incorrect ART regimens and potential drug-drug interactions; the prescriber was contacted and the errors were resolved in majority of cases. Active screening for medication errors is feasible in resource-limited settings following a capacity building intervention

Medication errors monitoring indicators disaggregated by age and sex of the patients; values in parenthesis are percentages.

*<p>Some patients had repeated screening for medication error at every medication refill visits.</p

Distribution of medication errors identified, interventions taken and the outcomes in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART); N = 3715^*.

*<p>Some patients had ≥ 1 medication errors; some medication errors required ≥ 1 interventions; and outcomes of all interventions were not indicated.</p