Two-Stage Games of Complete but Imperfect Information: Application in International Trade with Tariff

Trade relationships are very complicated especially given the battles between Keynesian and Neo-liberal economic views on the issue. Game theory and its application in international trade can provide a simplistic but important method for quantifying the benefits of trading. In this paper, we intend to use two-stage games of complete but imperfect information in the trading context among two and three countries and compare it with the non-trading country. The purpose of this work is to apply a two-level game model of complete but incomplete information in game theory and apply it to international economics in the context of customs trading. The basic literature for this work is “Game Theory for Applied Economists” by Robert Gibbons. Glenn W. Harrison and E. E. Rustrom on Trade War, Trade Negotiation, and Applied Game Theory. We provide mathematical models and eventually provide the interpretation in a broader context

Brand Personality Drives Loyalty Insights from Iraq

This study evaluated adipokines and biochemical parameters in 70 children (44 males, 26 females, age 5-13 years, mean±SD 8.7±3.32 years) with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and 30 healthy controls. Conducted at Azadi Teaching Hospital from December 2023 to February 2024, the study aimed to compare glucose, HbA1c, vitamin D, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), adiponectin, and leptin levels between T1DM patients and healthy children. Results showed significant increases in glucose (321.93±89.15 vs. 85.21±9.46 mg/dL), HbA1c (12.04±1.83% vs. 5.01±0.31%), LDH (284.22±21.94 vs. 89.13±7.42 U/L), adiponectin (9.26±0.28 vs. 3.62±0.94 µg/mL), and leptin (21.84±2.62 vs. 4.48±0.62 ng/mL), and a significant decrease in vitamin D (13.93±4.93 vs. 28.72±6.08 ng/mL) in T1DM patients (P<0.05 for all). These findings highlight the importance of monitoring vitamin D and adipokine levels in children with T1DM, suggesting potential roles in disease management and complications prevention

Trends of Allocation of Retail Loans by Commercial Banks

The article analyzes the trends in the distribution of retail loans by commercial banks, identifies problems in this direction, and presents practical suggestions and recommendations for their improvement

The Problem of Employment in the Digital Economy in the Government of the Russian Federation

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the transition to a digital economy on the workforce. To achieve this goal, such methods as analysis, synthesis, comparison and modeling were used. Results: digital technologies are confidently entering the daily life of society and begin to displace living people from jobs, respectively, the question of employment of the released labor force is exacerbated, but there is no strategy for the adaptation of the unemployed today. The active and passive measures proposed by scientists and politicians to combat technological unemployment are ineffective and cannot provide for the livelihood of the huge number of released workers, the critical importance of which can lead to economic collapse. It turns out that the question of displacement of living people from jobs by it objects remains open. There is a fundamentally new question about the relationship between the digital and social economy. The calculations showed that the increase in unemployment by 1% leads to a decrease in GDP (Gross domestic product) by 0.54%. The results obtained in the course of the study can be used in further studies of structural (technological) unemployment and labor market problems in the digital econom

The Feasibility of using Automated Teller Machines (ATM) and (POS) Machines in the City of Najaf

This study aimed to provide an insight into electronic payment projects and their economic viability in the Iraqi environment. The feasibility results indicated a payback period of approximately five years. The project's short-term debt repayment capability stood at around 62%, which is satisfactory. Regarding project liquidity, it was at 27%, and its ability to utilize available resources was around 181%, exceeding expectations. Project management demonstrated high efficiency in capital utilization, estimated at 4.29 times the required amount. The revenue coverage ratio for operating costs yielded a good result of approximately 107%. The project's profitability in relation to total investments reached around 22%. The key findings highlight a genuine desire among banks and electronic money specialized companies to offer innovative and comprehensive services, aiding in attracting new customers and expanding the reach of electronic cash handling devices such as ATMs and POS terminals. However, according to market research, the proliferation of such devices does not align with population growth and the increasing demand for electronic services

Measuring and Analyzing the Impact of ICT Applications on GDP using ARDL Methodology: Iraq Case Study

The fourth digital revolution is one of the most prominent events of the current century. One of the most prominent manifestations of this revolution is the progress made in ICT applications. ICT has a direct impact on human life, and the current study aims to clarify what ICT is by studying and analyzing some applications directly related to ICT and its impact on the composition of Iraq's GDP during the period. (2010-2022), as the study relied on a time-series analysis of ICT components (Number of personal computers used per 100 people, Internet usage density per 100 people, and finally number of mobile and wireless telephone lines activated). The study examined the time series of GDP at constant prices for the period in question. The study used the methodology of slowing down time gaps. (ARDL) to analyze the effects of ICT applications on the composition of GDP. The study showed a long-term moral impact relationship between the number of mobile and wireless lines and GDP. Between the Internet intensity index per 100 people and GDP. In the short term, measurement and analysis results showed that the independent variable (GDP) was only affected by the variable number of personal computers per 100 people and the effect was negative according to the results

Sensitivity Plot of cy:{(m2+m)*10-4} - Cycle of Money

This work presents a financial system with adequate economic activity. This work is about the comparison of the cycle of money including the escape savings and financial liquidity. It is plausible to extract the appropriate conclusions about savings in an economy when the savings return to the market for investments and consumption and when these savings are omitted and lost from the economy. This happens through the velocity of financial liquidity and the velocity of escape savings. The current study has used the sensitivity plot of the cycle of money. The paper is part of case studies from sensitivity plots of cy. It uses mathematical determinations by the cycle of money but estimates on the first time presented results of sensitivity plot of cy:{(m2+m)*10-4} of the cycle of money in a case study scenario. In this case, financial liquidity is completely identical to the cycle of money, and simultaneously there is an absence of escape savings

Analyzing the Influence of Foreign Debt on Non-Oil Economic Growth: A Case Study of Iraq Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model from 2003 to 2022

Developing countries' external debt is a strategic tool used by creditor countries to exert pressure on debtor countries, creating a complex dynamic. This article explores the determinants of Iraq's external debt. The methodology used includes unit root tests, long-run and short-run analyzes using autoregressive distributed (ARDL) models, and diagnostic tests to ensure model validity. The results reveal that external debt has a significant negative impact in the long and short term on non-oil economic growth in Iraq. The study suggests wise strategies for managing debt, diversifying sources of financing, and prioritizing political stability and infrastructure development to promote economic growth

Small Business by Commercial Banks Improving the Practice of Lending to the Subjects (In the Example of the Regions of the Republic)

The article analyzes the measures implemented by commercial banks to ensure the stability of the national currency through the development of lending practice. Practical proposals and recommendations are given for regulating the national currency market and ensuring the stability of our national currency

The Importance of the Development of Recreation Tourism in the Social Life of the Country

This article talks about the importance of the development of recreation tourism in the social life of the country and its development prospects. &nbsp