Feasibility study of reinforced concrete reinforced concrete buildings for upper stratum apartments in the city of Bogotá. A methodology to maximize profit

En el marco de la gerencia de proyectos y su fase de planeación se concibió e implementó una metodología para determinar la utilidad máxima que se puede obtener cuando se piensa en construir un edificio destinado a vivienda en estrato alto en la ciudad de Bogotá. La metodología que permitió alcanzar este objetivo fue la ciencia de investigación de operaciones, a través de la técnica de programación lineal. Esta metodología comprende la definición, planteamiento y resolución de modelos matemáticos para encontrar soluciones óptimas a través de las matemáticas y computadoras con el propósito de mitigar riesgos y facilitar la toma de decisiones. Conforme a la metodología seleccionada se formuló matemáticamente la expresión de la utilidad máxima esperada, la cual conjuntamente con otras fórmulas y variables de carácter comercial, técnico, normativo, económico y financiero, relacionadas con las restricciones propias del modelo, permitieron con la aplicación del Programa Solver de Excel obtener la solución deseada. Finalmente y teniendo en cuenta el cambiante y dinámico escenario de la industria de la construcción en la ciudad capital, se realizó el análisis de sensibilidad, que sometió los resultados óptimos obtenidos a escenarios alternativos para validar rechazar la aplicación de los mismos.INTRODUCCIÓN 19 ANTECEDENTES 22 DEFINICION DEL PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACION 27 JUSTIFICACION 29 OBJETIVOS GENERALES Y ESPECIFICOS 30 HIPOTESIS O SUPUESTOS 32 1. MARCO TEORICO 34 1.1 CONTEXTO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 34 1.2 ENTORNO URBANO 35 1.3 DEFINICIÓN DE LA UTILIDAD DEL PROYECTO 39 1.4 ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD DEL PROYECTO 41 1.4.1 Factibilidad comercial 41 1.4.2 Factibilidad normativa 46 1.4.2.1 Indice de ocupación 47 1.4.2.2 Indice de construcción 48 1.4.2.3 Número máximo de pisos 49 1.4.3 Factibilidad técnica 51 1.4.3.1 Los estudios geotécnicos 51 1.4.3.2 El diseño arquitectónico 52 1.4.3.3 El diseño estructural 55 1.4.3.4 El diseño de la cimentación 66 1.4.4 Factibilidad económica 73 1.4.4.1 El lote y su valor comercial 74 1.4.4.2 Costos directos 75 1.4.4.3 Costos Indirectos 95 1.4.5 Factibilidad financiera 106 1.4.5.1 Bondad financiera del Proyecto 107 1.5 GERENCIA DE VALOR 112 1.5.1 Valor Económico Agregado. EVA. 112 2. METODOLOGIA 120 2.1 INVESTIGACIÓN DE OPERACIONES 120 2.1.1 Problema de programación lineal 124 2.1.2 Problema de Programación Lineal. Uso del Programa Solver de Excel 127 3. RESULTADOS DE LA INVESTIGACION 134 3.1 FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 136 3.2 PLANTEAMIENTO Y DESCRIPCIÓN PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN 138 3.3 IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LOS DATOS DEL PROBLEMA 139 3.3.1 Información Comercial 139 3.3.2 Información Normativa 139 3.3.3 Información Técnica 140 3.3.4 Información Económica 141 3.3.5 Información Financiera 141 3.4 IDENTIFICACIÓN DEL CRITERIO DE DECISIÓN 142 3.5 IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LAS VARIABLES DE DECISIÓN 142 3.6 IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LA FUNCIÓN OBJETIVO 143 3.7 IDENTIFICACIÓN DE RESTRICCIONES CONCEPTUALES Y LÓGICAS 144 3.7.1 Restricción Comercial 144 3.7.2 Restricción Normativa 145 3.7.3 Restricción Técnica 146 3.7.4 Restricción Económica 150 3.7.5 Restricción Financiera 154 3.7.6 Restricciones lógicas 155 3.8 EVALUACIÓN FINANCIERA DEL PROYECTO. E.V.A. 156 3.9 OBTENCIÓN DE LA SOLUCIÓN ÓPTIMA 157 3.10.DESCRIPCIÓN, INTERPRETACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS SOLUCIÓN ÓPTIMA 160 3.11. ANÁLISIS DE SENSIBILIDAD Y PARAMÉTRICOS 174 3.11.1 Análisis de sensibilidad. Caso 1. Comercial 174 3.11.2 Análisis de sensibilidad. Caso 2. Técnica- económica 176 3.11.3 Análisis de sensibilidad. Caso 3. Financiera 178 3.11.4 Análisis de sensibilidad. Caso 4. Normativa 180 4. CONCLUSIONES 182 5. RECOMENDACIONES 199 BIBLIOGRAFIA 204 ANEXOS 210MaestríaWithin the framework of project management and its planning phase, a methodology was conceived and implemented to determine the maximum profit that can be obtained when thinking of constructing a building for upper-tier housing in the city of Bogotá. The methodology that allowed to achieve this objective was the science of operations research, through the linear programming technique. This methodology includes the definition, approach and resolution of mathematical models to find optimal solutions through mathematics and computers in order to mitigate risks and facilitate decision-making. In accordance with the selected methodology, the expression of the maximum expected profit was formulated mathematically, which together with other formulas and variables of a commercial, technical, regulatory, economic and financial nature, related to the model's own restrictions, allowed with the application of the Program. Excel solver get the desired solution. Finally, and taking into account the changing and dynamic scenario of the construction industry in the capital city, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, which submitted the optimal results obtained to alternative scenarios to validate reject their application.Modalidad Presencia

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

La alegría de leer y escribiraplicación de estrategias innovadoras en el proceso lector-escritor en pre-escolar y primero de primaria /

Esta cartilla quiere implementar, validar y sistematizar una propuesta pedagógica a nivel teórico y didáctico que permita el desarrollo de actividades creativas, basadas en estrategias de lectura y escritura.

Proyecto Lector Escritor en niños : aplicación de estrategias innovadoras en el proceo lector y escritor en preescolar y primero primaría /

La propuesta pedagógica se concibe identificando las dificultades presentadas en los estudiantes de preescolar y primaria, acerca de los procesos lectores escritores y la forma como se aborda el tema, el objetivo principal se centra en implementar, validar y sistematizar una propuesta pedagógica a nivel teórico y didáctico que permita el desarrollo de actividades creativas, basadas en estrategias lectoras que fomenten el desarrollo de procesos cognitivos en los estudiantes.Incluye anexosInforme final

Espacios degradados y formas de exclusión social en los puertos canarios

The paper analyzes changes registered, through time, by devalorised spaces together with those occupied by socially excluded groups, linked to port areas of the two major canarian cities (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife). The aim is to show the persistence of segregation dynamics in the port area and the immediate urban surrounding as well. Its outcome is a paradoxical one: while urban waterfronts and port territories are nowadays redeveloped, new expressions and spaces of social exclusion have simultaneously been generated.El artículo analiza los cambios que, a lo largo del desarrollo histórico, conocen los espacios desvalorizados y con grupos socialmente excluidos, vinculados a las zonas portuarias de las dos mayores ciudades canarias: Santa Cruz de Tenerife y Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. La finalidad es demostrar la persistencia de dinámicas segregadoras tanto en el espacio portuario como en el entorno urbano inmediato, lo que genera situaciones paradójicas como la simultánea renovación a la que en la actualidad se someten los frentes litorales y las zonas portuarias y la aparición de nuevas expresiones y espacios de exclusión social

Espacios degradados y formas de exclusión social en los puertos canarios

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