Tipos de Innovación como Estrategias de Adaptación al Dinamismo de los Mercados

Globalization and the dynamism of markets pressure companies to implement different strategies to defend their position. Innovation stands out as a strategic response from companies to adapt to change. This work is guided by the objective of identifying the types of innovation that companies are using as adaptation strategies to the dynamism of the markets. A qualitative approach is used by applying theoretical historical-logical and analytical-synthetic methods for the interpretation of the relevant literature. Twenty scientific publications are used as sources of information covering case studies of exporting companies that have applied organizational practices, from which a type of innovation is associated. In the case of Ecuador, the analysis focuses on three productive sectors, taking as a reference the representativeness of export products. Among the main findings is that companies apply open innovation associated with certification processes that require external reference of good practices, cooperation and information transfer. Finally, it is concluded that the majority of firms employ incremental innovation, followed by open innovation and radical innovation to respond to changes in the environment, improve learning and take advantage of global market opportunities.La globalización y el dinamismo de los mercados presionan a las empresas a implementar diversas estrategias para defender su posicionamiento. La innovación sobresale como respuesta estratégica de las empresas para adaptarse a los cambios. Este trabajo se guía por el objetivo de identificar los tipos de innovación que las empresas están utilizando como estrategias de adaptación al dinamismo de los mercados. Se emplea un enfoque cualitativo mediante la aplicación de los métodos teóricos histórico-lógico y analítico-sintético para la interpretación de la literatura relevante. Se utilizan como fuentes de información 20 publicaciones científicas que cubren estudios de casos de empresas exportadoras que han aplicado prácticas organizacionales, a partir de las cuales se asocia a un tipo de innovación. Para el caso de Ecuador el análisis se centra en tres sectores productivos, tomando como referencia la representatividad de los productos de exportación. Entre los principales hallazgos se destaca que las empresas aplican la innovación abierta asociada a los procesos de certificación que requieren referentes externos de buenas prácticas, cooperación y transferencia de información. Finalmente se concluye que las empresas emplean mayoritariamente la innovación de tipo incremental, seguida de la innovación abierta y la innovación radical para responder a los cambios del entorno, mejorar el aprendizaje y aprovechar las oportunidades de los mercados globales

Tipos de Innovación como Estrategias de Adaptación al Dinamismo de los Mercados

Globalization and the dynamism of markets pressure companies to implement different strategies to defend their position. Innovation stands out as a strategic response from companies to adapt to change. This work is guided by the objective of identifying the types of innovation that companies are using as adaptation strategies to the dynamism of the markets. A qualitative approach is used by applying theoretical historical-logical and analytical-synthetic methods for the interpretation of the relevant literature. Twenty scientific publications are used as sources of information covering case studies of exporting companies that have applied organizational practices, from which a type of innovation is associated. In the case of Ecuador, the analysis focuses on three productive sectors, taking as a reference the representativeness of export products. Among the main findings is that companies apply open innovation associated with certification processes that require external reference of good practices, cooperation and information transfer. Finally, it is concluded that the majority of firms employ incremental innovation, followed by open innovation and radical innovation to respond to changes in the environment, improve learning and take advantage of global market opportunities.La globalización y el dinamismo de los mercados presionan a las empresas a implementar diversas estrategias para defender su posicionamiento. La innovación sobresale como respuesta estratégica de las empresas para adaptarse a los cambios. Este trabajo se guía por el objetivo de identificar los tipos de innovación que las empresas están utilizando como estrategias de adaptación al dinamismo de los mercados. Se emplea un enfoque cualitativo mediante la aplicación de los métodos teóricos histórico-lógico y analítico-sintético para la interpretación de la literatura relevante. Se utilizan como fuentes de información 20 publicaciones científicas que cubren estudios de casos de empresas exportadoras que han aplicado prácticas organizacionales, a partir de las cuales se asocia a un tipo de innovación. Para el caso de Ecuador el análisis se centra en tres sectores productivos, tomando como referencia la representatividad de los productos de exportación. Entre los principales hallazgos se destaca que las empresas aplican la innovación abierta asociada a los procesos de certificación que requieren referentes externos de buenas prácticas, cooperación y transferencia de información. Finalmente se concluye que las empresas emplean mayoritariamente la innovación de tipo incremental, seguida de la innovación abierta y la innovación radical para responder a los cambios del entorno, mejorar el aprendizaje y aprovechar las oportunidades de los mercados globales

Performance of the ALICE Electromagnetic Calorimeter

International audienceThe performance of the electromagnetic calorimeter of theALICE experiment during operation in 2010–2018 at the Large HadronCollider is presented. After a short introduction into the design,readout, and trigger capabilities of the detector, the proceduresfor data taking, reconstruction, and validation are explained. Themethods used for the calibration and various derived corrections arepresented in detail. Subsequently, the capabilities of thecalorimeter to reconstruct and measure photons, light mesons,electrons and jets are discussed. The performance of thecalorimeter is illustrated mainly with data obtained with test beamsat the Proton Synchrotron and Super Proton Synchrotron or inproton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV, and compared tosimulations

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit