A relação entre lei e poder em Hannah Arendt

O objetivo do texto é relacionar o conceito de lei e o de poder na obra de Hannah Arendt. Na obra da autora, o poder é algo que emerge da ação e está fortemente relacionado com a liberdade, sendo, nesta medida, uma noção bastante fecunda e eminentemente localizada no espaço político. Em contrapartida a lei, tal como vista por Arendt, tem sua elaboração situada fora do espaço político, pertencendo a este espaço somente o consentimento ou dissenso à lei. Com isto, na perspectiva da autora, enquanto a lei é resultado de um processo pré-político, o poder é um produto eminentemente político. Trata-se, portanto, de uma relação “pouco tensa

Cadherins and repressor tumor factor expression in breast cancer patients in the presence or absence of malignant cells in bone marrow

OBJETIVO: Acredita-se que o perfil gênico do tumor é diferente daquele do tecido normal. Além disso, é possível que o tumor adquira características que lhe conferem potencial de gerar metástases em sítios específicos. A expressão tumoral de Caderinas 3 e 11 (envolvidas em adesão e migração celular), e de CBX3 (repressor transcricional) pode estar relacionada a maior agressividade e potencial invasivo em pacientes com câncer de mama (CM). Nosso objetivo é comparar a expressão de Caderina 3, Caderina 11 e CBX3 em tumor e tecido mamário normal adjacente e correlacionar a expressão tumoral destes genes com colonização da medula óssea (MO) por células tumorais. MÉTODOS: Amostras de tumor, tecido normal peritumoral e MO foram obtidas de 30 pacientes com CM estadio clínico I-III. A expressão de Caderina 3, Caderina 11 e CBX3 foi avaliada por RT-PCR em tempo real. A presença de células malignas em MO foi determinada por detecção da expressão de citoqueratina 19 por Nested-RT-PCR. RESULTADOS: Dezessete pacientes (56,7%) apresentaram células malignas em MO. Houve maior expressão de Caderina 3 e Caderina 11, mas não de CBX3 em tumor em relação ao tecido normal. Não encontramos associação entre expressão tumoral de Caderina 3, Caderina11 e CBX3 e a presença de células malignas em MO. CONCLUSÃO: A hiperexpressão de Caderina 3 e 11 em tumores em relação ao tecido normal sugere que estes transcritos possa mestar relacionados à carcinogênese. A expressão tumoral de Caderina 3, Caderina 11 e CBX3 não parece associada com a disseminação para a MO.PURPOSE: Gene profile is believed to be different in tumor and normal tissue. Besides, it is possible that tumor acquires characteristics that provide ability to develop metastasis in specific sites. Tumoral expression of Cadherins 3 and 11 (involved with adhesion and cellular migration) and CBX3 (transcriptional repressor) may be related to aggressiveness and lower survival in breast cancer (BC) patients. Our purpose is to compare tumoral and normal mammary tissue expression of Cadherin 3, Cadherin 11 and CBX3 and to correlate tumoral expression of these genes with bone marrow (BM) colonization by tumoral cells. METHODS: Samples of tumor, normal tissue and BM were obtained from 30 BC patients stage I-III. Expression of Cadherin 3, Cadherin 11 and CBX3 were analysed by RT- PCR-Real Time. Malignant cells in BM were determined by CK19 expression in Nested-PCR. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (56,7%) had malignat cells in BM. There was hiperexpression of Cadherin 3 and Cadherin11, but not of CBX3, in tumor in relation to normal tissue. We did not fi nd association between tumor expression of Cadherin 3, Cadherin 11 and CBx3 and presence of tumor cells in BM. CONCLUSIONS: Hiperexpression of Cadherin 3 and Cadherin 11 in tumor in relation to normal tissue suggests that these genes can be associated to carcinogenesis. Tumor expression of Cadherin 3, Cadherin 11 and CBX3 were not associated to BM dissemination

PERFIL SENSORIAL E TESTE DE CONSUMIDOR DE BISCOITO RECHEADO SABOR CHOCOLATE

O objetivo deste trabalho foi construir o perfil sensorial de três marcas comerciais de biscoito recheado sabor chocolate, líderes no mercado consumidor. Empregou-se a análise descritiva quantitativa (ADQ) para avaliar os atributos sensoriais dos produtos e aplicou-se teste de consumidor para verificar quais atributos determinam sua aceitação e preferência junto ao mercado. Concluiu-se que as amostras que competem no mercado são muito distintas em suas características sensoriais. O biscoito que apresentou melhor aceitação pelos consumidores evidenciou que atributos como aroma e sabor de cacau, crocância, baixa arenosidade do recheio, boa dissolução e pouca resistência à mordida são características bastante importantes para a determinação da preferência no mercado. SENSORIAL PROFILE AND STUFFED COOKIES WITH CHOCOLATE FLAVOR CONSUMER TEST Abstract The objective of this work was to construct sensory profiles of three commercial brands of stuffed cookies with chocolate flavor, leaders in the consumer market. Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) was employed to evaluate the sensorial attributes of products and consumer test to verify which attributes determines its acceptation and preference in the market. It was concluded that the samples, which compete in the market, are sensorially very different. The cookie that presented better acceptance by consumers evidenced that the attributes as aroma and cacao flavor, crunchiness, low sandiness of stuffing, good dissolution and low bite resistance, are very important characteristics for the market preference

Urbs e civitas: a formação dos espaços e territórios urbanos nas minas setecentistas

O presente artigo procura situar a evolução das abordagens acerca da cidade colonial mineira dentro da perspectiva mais ampla dos estudos sobre o urbanismo colonial português. A análise privilegia os trabalhos que, em vez de se aterem aos aspectos ligados à estética urbana, procuraram relacioná-los às questões fundiárias e à constituição das redes e hierarquias urbanas.This article seeks to situate the evolution of approaches to the study of the colonial towns of Minas Gerais placing them in the broader perspective of studies on the Portuguese colonial urbanism. Instead of restricting our approach to questions of urban aesthetics, the analysis focuses on the works that tried to relate these questions to aspects of land ownership and to the establishment of networks and urban hierarchies

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Divergência genética e índice de seleção via BLUP em acessos de algodoeiro para características tecnológicas da fibra

A revista não disponibilizou a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) do artigo.As características tecnológicas da fibra do algodoeiro são determinantes da qualidade de seus produtos e de sua remuneração. Este trabalho objetivou estimar a divergência genética entre acessos de algodoeiro e ordenar os melhores, com base em um índice de seleção combinando todas essas características de interesse. Foram avaliados 248 acessos de algodoeiro, empregando-se análise multivariada (distância de Mahalanobis e agrupamento de Tocher) e índice de seleção baseado em rank médio via metodologia de modelos mistos (REML/BLUP). A análise de agrupamento de Tocher permitiu a estruturação populacional dos acessos, resumindo-os em 14 grupos divergentes. As acurácias seletivas foram altas para todas as características avaliadas, variando de 0,89 a 0,94, indicando situação favorável à seleção. As correlações entre as seis variáveis apresentaram magnitudes moderadas a baixas, não sendo possível o melhoramento de uma característica, via seleção indireta, em outra. A seleção simultânea para as características de fibra, com base no índice de seleção de Mulamba e Mock, mostrou- se promissora. Os melhores acessos para as seis variáveis, simultaneamente, foram 4S180, C96480, Giza75, 196Lasani11, Brown Egyptian, Early Fluff 316, C268-80 e 207MG-82607.Technological cotton fiber traits are essential for the quality and remuneration of its products. This study aimed to estimate the genetic divergence among cotton accessions and assort the best ones, based in a selection index combining all the important traits. A total of 248 cotton accessions were evaluated using multivariate analysis (Mahalanobis distance and Tocher grouping) and a selection index based in average rank via mixed models (REML/BLUP). The Tocher grouping analysis enabled the structuring of the accessions population by allocating them into 14 divergent groups. Selective accuracies were high for all traits, ranging from 0.89 to 0.94, indicating a favorable scenario for selection. Genetic correlations among the six traits were moderate to low, making impossible the breeding of a trait, via indirect selection, in another. The simultaneous selection for fiber traits, concerning the Mulamba and Mock selection index, showed to be promising. The best accessions for the six traits were simultaneously the 4S180, C96480, Giza75, 196Lasani11, Brown Egyptian, Early Fluff 316, C268-80 and 207MG-82607