Problemas de durabilidad de los materiales de construcción arqueológicos en ambientes acuosos y subaéreos, con aplicaciones a la restauración y conservación en Egipto y Sudán.

The main objective of the study was to identify and assess the conservation problems of the building materials of each case study and compare the aggressive impacts of each environment on the sustainability of the construction materials. Carefully, the construction materials (limestone, sandy limestone, sandstone, lime mortars, gypsum, hydraulic lime mortar/roman mortar) were selected from different archaeological sites with different environmental conditions in Egypt and Sudan (desert: Sahure?s pyramid and pyramids of Meroe; urban/agricultural: Nero/Ramses II Temple; coastal: Anfushi?s Necropolis; and fluvial: Abaton/Osiris Temple). To achieve this goal, field observations, analytical (X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrometry), microscopic (binocular microscope, polarizing microscope and scanning electron microscope), mapping (AutoCAD, ArcMap 10.8, SeaDAS, QGIS), and physical and mechanical testing investigations were carried out. Furthermore, open-access satellite lenses were used for the detection and assessment of the archaeological sites and their risks, and, the deterioration patterns of each case study were recorded through decay mappings. Finally, to preserve the lime mortar surfaces, a newly synthesized nanomaterial of SiO2-TiO2 NPs/TEOS was applied and tested. The results showed the severity of each factor on the construction materials. In this sense, Sahure?s pyramid was affected mainly by climatic and environmental factors, earthquakes and the inner composition of the building materials. Nero/Ramses II Temple showed its susceptivity mainly from the salt attack which came from the contaminated sources of water around the temple. Water intrusion, earthquakes, storms, and heavy rains factors attacked Anfushi?s Necropolis severely. Abaton/Osiris Temple was decayed because of Nile water fluctuations impact and the inner weakness of the temple sandstones. In Sudan, the pyramids of Meroe were damaged because of the sand dunes and wind forces, in addition to the flooding risks. Finally, and concerning to the heritage conservation, the research exhibited the efficacy of the multifunctional 3% and 5% SiO2-TiO2 NPs/TEOS in the consolidation and improvement of the physical and mechanical ancient lime mortars

Blade faults diagnosis in multi stage rotor system by means of wavelet analysis

Blade fault is one of the most causes of gas turbine failures. Vibration spectral analysis and blade pass frequency (BPF) monitoring are the most widely used methods for blade fault diagnosis. These methods however have limitations in the detection of incipient faults due to weak and/or transient signals, as well as inability to diagnose the blade faults types. This study investigates the applications of wavelet analysis in blade fault diagnosis of a multi stage rotor system, as an extension of previous works which involved a single stage only. Results showed that conventional wavelet analysis has limitations in segregating the BPFs and locating the faults. An improvement in Morlet wavelet was made to achieve high resolution in both time and frequency domains. Two new wavelets for high time-frequency resolutions were formulated and added to the standard MATLAB Wavelet Toolbox. The optimal parameters for the high frequency resolution wavelet were found at the centre of frequency, ????=4 and bandwidth, ??=0.5. For high time resolution wavelet, the optimal parameters were ????=4 and ??=10. A novel algorithm was formulated by combining the two newly developed wavelets. A variety of blade faults including blade creep rubbing, blade tip rubbing, stage rubbing, blade loss of part and blade twisting were tested and their vibration responses measured in a laboratory test facility. The proposed method showed potential in segregating closely spaced BPFs components and identifying the faulty stage and fault location. The method demonstrated the ability in differentiating various blade faults based on a unique pattern (“fingerprint”) of each fault produced by the newly added wavelet. The formulated algorithm was demonstrated to be suitable in monitoring rotor systems with multiple blade stages

Pattern, Presentation and Management of Marjolin’s ulcer in OmdurmanTeaching Hospital

Background: Marjolin’s ulcer is a rare but highly aggressive squamous cell cancer that is most often associatedwith chronic burn wounds.It is the worst complication that victims surviving burn injuries suffer from, but it can be prevented by proper initial management of burn injuries. There was no enough data about this condition in Sudan. Objectives: This study was conducted to study the presentation, causes, latency period, frequency, and management of Marjolin’s ulcer in our local setting in Omdurman teaching hospital. Patients and Methods: This is a prospective cross sectional hospital based study that has been investigating the patients of Marjolin’s ulcer seen at plastic and reconstructive surgery in Omdurman teaching hospital. The study was conducted during the period from May 2010 to January 2013. A special patient data sheet was designed for data collection. Data was analyzed and presented graphically using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results: During this period, 65 cases of Marjolin’s ulcer were included in this study, 44 (67.7%) of them were males and 21 (32.3 %) were females. Male to female ratio is 2.1:1. The mean age was 48 years ± 14.7. With regard to the distribution of the study population by geographical areas, 37 (56.9 %) of them were residing in rural areas and 28 (43.1 %) in urban areas. 25 (38.5 %) of them were farmers and 17 (26.2 %) were house wifes. Chronic un-healed ulcer was the presentation of all patients. Burn was the cause of ulcer in 43 (66.2 %) of the patients, followed by trauma 15 (23.1 %), and infection 7 (10.8 %). Flame burn represented 34 (52.3 %) of cases (p = .000). Concerning the management of the primary cause of the ulcer 44 (67.7 %) were managed in a hospital either by dressing or surgery, while 21 (32.3 %) were managed at home by dressing. The lower limbs were the common site of Marjolin’s ulcer 47 (73.3 %), followed by the upper limbs 10 (15.4 %).The mean ulcer duration (latency period) was 25.96 years ± 8.59. 8 (12.3 %) of the patients has regional lymph nodes involvement all of them were offered lymph nodes dissection.All patients underwent surgery, 43 (66.2 %) underwent excision of the ulcer and split thickness skin grafting, 14 (21.5 %) excision and flap, and 8 (12.3 %) underwent limb amputation. The commonest histological type was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 63 (96.9 %). Conclusion: Marjolin’s ulcers are not uncommon in our setting and commonly occur in burn scars due to deep burn that were not skin grafted and were left to heal secondarily; In general this disorder is rarely diagnosed although its etiology is well known; and most of the patients presents late when the disease is already in advanced stages

Clinical Staging and Flowcytomteric CD38 and Zap 70 Prognostic Indicators in Sudanese Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Background: The clinical course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is highly variable. The determination of ZAP70 and CD38 is increasingly utilized as prognostic factor for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The aim of conducting this study was to investigate the frequency of CD38 and ZAP70 expression among Sudanese Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients and to relate them to the Binet and Rai clinical staging systems. Method: A total of 93 patients (mean age; 62.29 ± 11.68, sd) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. CD38 and ZAP70 expression levels were measured with four color flowcytometry using the cut-off values of 20% for ZAP70 and 30% for CD38 expression. Staging was assessed by using clinical examination and CBC for all patients. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social science for Windows (SPSS), version 22. Results: There were 93 CLL patients and the median age of the group was 63 years (36–95 years). About 71% of the patients presented with lymphadenopathy, 53.8% with splenomegaly, 73.1% with anemia, and 45.2% with thrombocytopenia. There was higher frequency of Binet stage C and Rai stage IV (62 [66.6%] patients and 34 [36.5%] patients, respectively). In addition, CD38 and ZAP70 showed higher frequency among Binet and Rai advance stages. ZAP70 and CD38 positivity were detected in 21 patients (22.6%) and 31 patients (33.3%), respectively. There was no statistically significant association between ZAP70 and CD38 and clinical staging systems (P-value > 0.05). Conclusion: No significant association was observed between Flowcytometric (CD38 and Zap70) Prognostic Indicators and clinical staging systems. Keywords: chronic lymphocytic Leukemia, Flowcytometry, ZAP70, CD38, clinical staging system

Visual image and expression directed to the child in Media Age

Abstract:Designing the visual image directed to the child is considered to be a big challenge for the artist or designer who is forming it, as the visual image is the strongest communication channel in the age of media because it carries meaning smoothly through expressive content. The artists or designer uses the design theories of visual image to form its elements expressing the message carried to children actively.The research contains the definition of visual image and how to form it based on art composition forming theories of the visual image, the study of the meaning definition and expressive characteristics that are in the children drawings and wording shapes for knowing the best ways to communicate with their sentiment. Keywords:Visual image – expression – children drawings characteristics Research Aims:1. Studying the dimensions of the visual image directed to the Pre-adolescent child (9 to 12 years old) contributes to activating the elements of his visual culture.2. Study of the basic formative construction of expression in child’s drawings achieves the target of communication message carried to him.Research Methodology:• The researcher uses the descriptive method followed by an analytical study to identify the concept of the visual image and expression addressed to the "Pre-adolescent" child (9 to 12 years old) to identify the set standards or the necessary ones of it.Research Results:1- That the formative elements of the visual image has to match the expressive content of the message carried.2- Design theories adds an aesthetic and expressive values to the visual image.3- The child has his own way of expressing that the artist needs to study to find the best way to communicate with his sentiment.4- The visual image and expression are considered to be the most powerful way to influence child’s perception.Most important references:1- Dr Ahmed Hamdy Mahmoud- Ma Wara’ Al Fen - General Egyptian Book Organization - 19932- Malameh Wa Qadaya Al Fen Al Tashkily Al Mo’aser - Dr Saleh Reda - Maktabet Al Osra - 200

Farmers' perceptions of climate change and its impact on gum Talha (Acacia seyal var. seyal) production in Bahar Alarab locality, East Darfur State, Sudan

Acacia seyal var. seyal is an essential source of income to farmers in the Bahar Alarab locality in Sudan. Farmers’ perceptions of current climate conditions and their subsequent repercussions on Gum Talha (Acacia seyal var. seyal) production remains poorly investigated and understood. To fill this gap, a survey was carried out within six villages at Bahar Alarab locality in East Darfur State, Sudan, and a total of 391 randomly selected farmers were included in the study. Moreover, rainfall and temperature data over 30 years (1988 – 2020) were analysed. The results revealed that climate change signs were perceived by farmers based on the size of gum production (27.4%), early falling of leaves (26.1%), decline in production (24.3%), and persistent insect attack (22.3%). Moreover, farmers also reported increases (65%) and decreases (19%) in temperature. In contrast, 46.5% of farmers reported that rainfall deficiency was a decreasing factor of production. Accordingly, 69% of respondents perceived an increase in temperature, whereas 49.4% reported a decrease in rainfall frequency. Additionally, the results showed that there was long-term variability in temperature over the past three decades. The results of multinomial logistic regression highlighted that household size is an important factor contributing to the increasing trend of temperature. In addition, the growth and productivity of acacia trees were found to be determinants of farmers’ perception of temperature and precipitation change over the past 30 years. The study suggests a tailored policy that could reduce climate-induced impacts on gum Talha productivity and increase farmers’ gain to avoid poverty in this locality

مدى تأثير الأحاديث الضعيفة والموضوعة على دور المرأة وتمكينها في المجتمع دراسة ميدانية على عينة من طلاب وطالبات جامعات دولة قطر

إنه مما لا شك فيه أن علاقة الرجل بالمرأة تتعرض لمؤثرات عدة: ثقافية، واجتماعية، وسياسية، مما قد يكون له بالغ الأثر على هذه العلاقة بالإيجاب أو السلب. وتعد الأحاديث الضعيفة والموضوعة من الروافد الثقافية التي لها علاقة بطبيعة الاتجاه نحو المرأة في المجتمعات الإسلامية وتمكينها الإيجابي في المجتمع؛ لاحتوائها على مجموعة من المفاهيم والأدبيات التي تؤثر في العقل المسلم، والتي استوطنت فيه قرونًاا لازالت أنفاسها تظهر من هنا وهناك على شكل تيارات فكرية، تنادي باختزال أدوار المرأة المتعددة في المجتمع في دور أوحد -مع أولويته- وهو بيتها؛ لتقر فيه جاهلة لا نصيب لها من علم، ولا حظ لها من ثقافة. وقد تُرَسِّخُ هذه الأحاديث الضعيفة والموضوعة الكثير من السلوكيات والتصرفات تجاه المرأة والحيلولة دون تمكينها الإيجابي في المجتمع، انطلاقًاا من القناعة الفكرية بهذه الأحاديث وجدواها، كما تَكْمُن خطورة مثل تلك الأحاديث عندما يتم تطبيقها بصورة عملية من أفراد المجتمع دون التأكد من صحتها أو ثبوتها، كما أن هذا لا ينفى احتمالية وجود فئةٍ معينةٍ تأخذ من هذه الأحاديث ما يوافق مزاجها الفكري، أو تقاليدها المتبعة، أو أعرافها المستقرة، وتعمل على إلباس هذا الفكر وتلك التقاليد القداسة والشرعية مما قد يؤثر بالسلب على مكانة المرأة وتمكينها في المجتمع المسلم. ومما تهدف إليه الدراسة ١-  قياس المدى المعرفي لهذه الأحاديث من حيث تواجدها ومدى صحتها لدى عينة البحث والمصادر التي تنتشر من خلالها. ٢-  قياس مدى التَأَثُّر بالأحاديث الضعيفة والموضوعة والتي وجَّهت الأمة قرونًاا طويلنًا في الاتجاه السلبي نحو المرأة وحالت دون تمكينها بشكل إيجابي في المجتمع. ٣-  الرغبة في إدماج المرأة في المسار التنموي العام إدماجاً إيجابياً وعادلاً. ٤-  السعي في عودة الوعي الفكري الصحيح في هذه القضية لمواجهة مزاعم الانتقاص من مكانة المرأة ودورها المجتمعي في الشريعة الإسلامية. ٥-  الإسهام في زيادة الوعي للحيلولة دون وقوع التصدع الأسري نتيجة العمل بهذه الأحاديث والذي يؤثر سلبا على الاستقرار الأسري للمجتمع. ٦-  بيان ضعف وزيف بعض المؤثرات الثقافية التي قد تحول دون دمج المرأة في مؤسسات المجتمع وتمكينها من أداء دورها المجتمعي. ٧-  تنقية الجانب الثقافي عند طلاب الجامعات يعد دعما للثقافة التي تميز دولة قطر من خلال ترسيخ القيم والمبادئ العربية والإسلامية الصحيحة والتي تضمن السلم والأمن الاجتماعي والاستقرار داخل المجتمع القطري. ٨-  تعزيز مكانة الثقافة العربية الإسلامية في نفوس طلاب الجامعات في دولة قطر من خلال تنقية هذه الثقافة مما شابها وكدرها. واستخدم الباحثون المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في إجراء هذا البحث، ويهدف المنهج الوصفي التحليلي إلى رصد الظاهرة موضع البحث بدون أي تدخل من الباحثين، ووصفها وصفاً دقيقاً من حيث جوانب القوة والضعف الموجودة في ظاهرة البحث، ثم تحليل هذه المعلومات من أجل تفسير هذه الظاهرة بصورة علمية. ويتم تنفيذ الدراسة التطبيقية المقصودة عن طريق عينة عشوائية حجمها ٦٠٠ طالب وطالبة بواقع ١٠٠ لكل باحث من الطلاب وعددهم ستة: ثلاث من البنين، وثلاثة من البنات؛ ليقوم الطلاب بعمل الدراسة مع البنين وتقوم الطالبات بعمل الدراسة مع البنات. وهذه العينة تكون ممثلة للشباب في جامعات دولة قطر (جامعة قطر الوطنية - كلية المجتمع - وغيرها من الجامعات في دولة قطر) ويتم تحديد نسب الطلاب والطالبات في كل جامعة بنااً على نسب التمثيل العددي لكل جامعة. وخلص الجانب النظري إلى ١-  علاقة الرجل بالمرأة تتأثر بالمتغيرات الثقافية والاجتماعية والسياسية السائدة في المجتمع. ٢-  تنوع الأحاديث الموضوعة والضعيفة وكثرتها واتساعها لتشمل الكثير من قضايا المرأة ومكانتها في الأسرة وكيفية التعامل معها في الأحوال المختلفة وهذا أحدث لباًا للحق بالباطل واختلااًا للصواب بالخطأ. ٣-  الأحاديث الموضوعة تؤدي إلى إلباس الفكر المنحرف تجاه المرأة ثوب القداسة والشرعية. ٤-  السعي في عودة الوعي الفكري الصحيح في هذه القضية من شأنه القضاء على مزاعم انتقاص المرأة لحقوقها ودورها في الدين الإسلامي. ٥-  لا يقتصر دور المرأة داخل محيطها الأسري وإنما يتجاوزه إلى رعاية المجتمع كما هي رعاية الأبناء والأسرة تمااًا. ٦-  المشاركة الإيجابية للمرأة في المجتمع هو أساس أي تقدم اجتماعي؛ لذا من الضروري تأهيل المرأة وإعادتها لسابق دورها من النشاط والحيوية والتفاني في خدمة مجتمعها. ٧-  التنازل عن دور المرأة هو تنازل طوعي عن قدرات نصف المجتمع والتأثير في قدرات النصف الآخر. ٨-  التعرف على الواقع الفعلي لدور المرأة هو السبيل الوحيد للعمل على نيل المرأة لحقوقها وتبوؤ مكانتها دون منة من المجتمع. وتوصي الدراسة في جانبها النظري بضرورة إجراء مثل هذه الدراسات لبحث مدى تأثُّر دور المرأة في المجتمع بالمؤثرات الثقافية التي لها دور في التعامل السلبي مع المرأة. وأما الجانب التطبيقي للدراسة فمن المتوقع الانتهاء منه وتحليل نتائجه وسيتم تضمينه في الدراسة قبيل موعد عقد المؤتمر بعون الل

Observations of changes in acoustic emission parameters for varying corrosion defect in reciprocating compressor valves

Acoustic Emission (AE) technology is probably one of the most recent entries in the field of machinery condition monitoring. This paper investigates the application of AE parameters for valve faults detection in reciprocating compressor. The defective valves were designed by emulating the actual valve corrosion with varying sizes such that defects could be applied onto the reciprocating compressor. A set of experiments was performed to acquire the AE signal. The primary source of AE signal was verified using waveform analysis. The AE parameters versus different operational and valve condition were illustrated individually. In addition, the significance of the change and sensitivity of AE parameters versus different experimental conditions was verified using MANOVA and coefficient of variance analysis. It is concluded that the AE signal parameters can be used to detect the valve faults in the reciprocating compressor with the consideration of the variation in the AE parameters sensitivity

Bubble identification in the emerging economy fuel price series: : Evidence from a generalized sup augmented Dickey–Fuller test

n the recent past, the world in general and Pakistan in particular faced a drastic fuel price change, affecting the economic productivity of the country. This has drawn the attention of empirical researchers to analyze the abrupt change in fuel prices. This study takes a lead and investigates for the first time, in the literature related to Pakistan, the presence of multiple fuel price bubbles, with the purpose of knowing if the price driver is due to demand or it is exuberant consumer behavior that prevails and contributes to a sudden boom in fuel price series. The empirical analysis is performed through a recently proposed state-of-the-art generalized sup ADF (GSADF) approach on six commonly used fuel price series, namely, LDO (light diesel oil), HSD (high-speed diesel), petrol, natural gas, kerosene, and MS (motor spirit). The bubble analysis for each of the six fuel price series is based on monthly data from July 2005 to August 2020. The findings provide evidence of the existence of multiple bubbles in all series considered. Specifically, four bubbles are detected in each of the kerosene and natural gas price series, whereas three bubbles are noted in each of the HSD, LDO, petrol and MS price series. The maximum duration of occurrence of bubbles is of 12 months for kerosene. The date-stamping of the bubbles shows that the financial crisis of 2008 contributed to the emergence of bubbles that pushed oil prices upward and caused a depreciation in the national currency.Peer reviewe