Evaluation of Shear-Bond-Strength of Dental Self-Adhering Flowable Resin-Composite versus Total-Etch One to Enamel and Dentin Surfaces: An In-Vitro Study

AIM: This study aimed to assess the shear bond strength of a self-adhering flowable resin composite versus a total-etch one to different surfaces of permanent-molars. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-six sound human permanent molars were used. The teeth were embedded in acrylic blocks, such that their buccal surfaces were shown. The teeth were divided into three groups: Group I: Uncut-Enamel, Group II: Cut-enamel-surfaces with minimal-grinding and Group III: dentin-surfaces. Half of the teeth in each group were used for bonding to a self-adhering flowable resin-composite (Dyad-flow, Kerr, USA). While the other half of each group was bonded to a total-etch flowable resin-composite (Filtek™Z350-XT,3M-ESPE, USA) which necessitate etching and bonding. Teflon-mold was used for constructing resin composite cylinders (3 × 3 mm) over the buccal surfaces. The Dyad-flow was applied in the central hole of the mould placed upon tooth-surface, and then light-cured for 20 seconds. The Filtek-Z350-XT was applied similarly after etching and bonding steps. The teeth were stored in 37°C distilled water for 24 hours. The strength was measured using a universal testing machine and statistically analysed. Modes of failure were studied using digital-microscope. RESULTS: Mean values of shear bond strength for the Dyad and Filtek-Z350-XT in the uncut-enamel were 3.5 and 24.6MPa respectively, while that for cut-enamel were 4.5 and 12.7MPa respectively (Both highly statistically significant P ≤ 0.01) and in dentin were 4.3 and 6.7MPa respectively (Statistically significant P ≤ 0.05). The failure mode for Dyad was mainly adhesive (un-cut or cut-enamel 83.3% adhesive and 16.7% mixed, while in dentin 100% adhesive). While the modes of failure for Filtek-Z350-XT in enamel, either cut or un-cut, were 50% cohesive and 50% mixed, whereas in dentin 100% adhesive. CONCLUSION: Bonding of self-etch ″Dyad-flow″ flowable resin-composite was lower than the total-etch one in enamel and dentin. Thus further material improvement may be required

A review on phytochemical, pharmacological and ethnopharmacological aspects of genus Trichodesma

The genus Trichodesma belongs to the family Boraginaceae. The plants of this genus are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Australia. Phytochemically, scientific reports on Trichodesma species so far revealed more than one hundred compounds from this genus, including hydrocarbons, phenols, flavonoids, sterols, terpenes and alkaloids have been isolated or identified. Medicinally, various reported biological activities of Trichodesma such as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, anti-infection, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-irritant, antidiarrheal, antispasmodic, antimalarial, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-diabetic, diuretic, and hepatoprotective effects were discussed in this review otherwise. Also, the ethnopharmacological effects of this genus were reviewed. Among all the Trichodesma species, T. indicum is regarded as the most important one regarding its pharmacological values. The volatile oil of T. africanum L. showed high antioxidant activity

A review on phytochemical, pharmacological and ethnopharmacological aspects of genus Trichodesma

333-347The genus Trichodesma belongs to the family Boraginaceae. The plants of this genus are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Australia. Phytochemically, scientific reports on Trichodesma species so far revealed more than one hundred compounds from this genus, including hydrocarbons, phenols, flavonoids, sterols, terpenes and alkaloids have been isolated or identified. Medicinally, various reported biological activities of Trichodesma such as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, anti-infection, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-irritant, antidiarrheal, antispasmodic, antimalarial, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-diabetic, diuretic, and hepatoprotective effects were discussed in this review otherwise. Also, the ethnopharmacological effects of this genus were reviewed. Among all the Trichodesma species, T. indicum is regarded as the most important one regarding its pharmacological values. The volatile oil of T. africanum L. showed high antioxidant activity

Factors Influencing Participation in COVID-19 Clinical Trials: A Multi-National Study

In 2020, the World Health Organization has characterized COVID-19, a disease caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as a pandemic. Although a few vaccines and drugs have been approved to, respectively, prevent or treat the disease, several clinical trials are still ongoing to test new vaccines or drugs to mitigate the burden of the pandemic. Few studies have shown the role of host genetics in disease prognosis and drug response highlighting the importance of diverse participation in COVID-19 clinical trials. The goal of this study is to assess public attitudes in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan toward participating in COVID-19 clinical trials and to identify the factors that may influence their attitude. An online questionnaire was developed and distributed among the target group through social media platforms. The number of responses was 1,576. Three quarters (74.9%) of participants heard about clinical trials before, 57.6% of them had a positive attitude toward participation in COVID-19 clinical trials. The conduct of clinical trials in accordance with the scientific, research, and ethical guidelines was a strong predictor of willingness to participate in clinical trials. Other positive factors also included protection of family from COVID-19 and contributing to the return to normal community life as well as receiving additional healthcare benefit was the fourth significant predictor. On the other hand, the thought that clinical trials can have a negative impact on the health of participants strongly predicted the unwillingness of individuals to participate in such trials. This was followed by having limited information about the novel coronavirus and COVID-19 and the lack of trust in physicians and hospitals. In general, Arab citizens are accepting the concept and have a positive attitude toward COVID-19 clinical trials. Increasing awareness of COVID-19 and clinical trials, enforcing the concept of altruism, and placing clear policies in conducting clinical trials are needed to increase participation in clinical trials among Arabs

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Long‐term care facilities' response to the COVID ‐19 pandemic: An international, cross‐sectional survey

Aims To (i) assess the adherence of long‐term care (LTC) facilities to the COVID‐19 prevention and control recommendations, (ii) identify predictors of this adherence and (iii) examine the association between the adherence level and the impact of the pandemic on selected unfavourable conditions. Design Cross‐sectional survey. Methods Managers (n = 212) and staff (n = 2143) of LTC facilities (n = 223) in 13 countries/regions (Brazil, Egypt, England, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Spain, Thailand and Turkey) evaluated the adherence of LTC facilities to COVID‐19 prevention and control recommendations and the impact of the pandemic on unfavourable conditions related to staff, residents and residents' families. The characteristics of participants and LTC facilities were also gathered. Data were collected from April to October 2021. The study was reported following the STROBE guidelines. Results The adherence was significantly higher among facilities with more pre‐pandemic in‐service education on infection control and easier access to information early in the pandemic. Residents' feelings of loneliness and feeling down were the most affected conditions by the pandemic. More psychological support to residents was associated with fewer residents' aggressive behaviours, and more psychological support to staff was associated with less work–life imbalance. Conclusions Pre‐pandemic preparedness significantly shaped LTC facilities' response to the pandemic. Adequate psychological support to residents and staff might help mitigate the negative impacts of infection outbreaks. Impact This is the first study to comprehensively examine the adherence of LTC facilities to COVID‐19 prevention and control recommendations. The results demonstrated that the adherence level was significantly related to pre‐pandemic preparedness and that adequate psychological support to staff and residents was significantly associated with less negative impacts of the pandemic on LTC facilities' staff and residents. The results would help LTC facilities prepare for and respond to future infection outbreaks. Patient or public contribution No Patient or Public Contribution

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Acridine Derivatives Substituted with Benzimidazole, Benzoxazole and Benzothiazole

Two novel series of 2-(Benzo[d]imidazole/oxazole/thiazole-2-yl))acridine-9(10H)-oneIVa-cand10-(2-((4- (Benzo[d]imidazole/oxazole/thiazole-2-yl)phenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-9-oxo-9,10-dihydroacridine-4-carboxylic acidVIIa-cwere synthesized.The antitumor activity of the prepared compounds was evaluated against human breast cancer (MCF-7), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) a nd colon cancer (HCT-116) cell lines using Sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) assay method.Doxorubicin was used as a reference standard. Most of the tested compounds showed potent antitumor activity against HCT-116 cell line with IC50 range equal 4-31µM/mland the compoundVIIcwas the best active one (IC50 = 4.75 µM/ml). VIIashowed the same activity compared to the effect of the reference drug doxorubicin on Hep-2 cell line(IC50 = 3.75 µM/ml). Allof the tested compoundsshowed weak activity against MCF-7 cell line(IC50 = 5.01 µM/ml)

Influence of ventilation to limit airborne infection concentration in an isolation room

Coronavirus (COVID-19) was detected at the end of 2019 and has since caused a worldwide pandemic. This virus is transferred airborne. In this study, an investigation was carried out of the ventilation strategies inside the isolation room based on exhaust air locations. To reduce the infection disease (COVID-19), due to the spreading of exhaled contaminants by humans in interior environments, five models for ventilation systems differing in the position of the outlet and inlet were used. This study aims to increase knowledge regarding the exhaled contaminant distribution under different environ-mental conditions (opening exhaust and negative pressure). The results showed a good agreement be-tween the computational results and the experimental data. Tracer gas CO2 was used to evaluate the air quality experimentally and computationally. The results showed that stable conditions are obtained inside the room at a negative pressure value above –1.5 Pa. The residence time of the infected airborne decreases when the pressure difference increases. The study revealed that the model with an air outlet opening installed behind the patient enabled avoiding the spread of infection in the room