Introduction to the Palestinian Criminal Justice System

The study on the Palestine System of Criminal Justice presents a theoretically exciting and politically most relevant case study on the transition of criminal justice under conditions of military conflicts, social unrest and limited economic resources. The situation in Palestine insofar parallels that of other countries which have gone or are still going through transitional periods characterized by a range of social problems among which insecurity and violence, a weak state, a weak economy and a weak civil society figure prominently. Problems of insecurity, however, are related to mistrust and with that to the obvious need to re-establish trust as a basic social condition. The challenges that come with the task of building up trust are manifold as complexity of this task and the need for parallel processes of building state institutions, providing for the rule of law and justice, building a strong market economy and a civil society do not lend themselves to a simple and straight forwarded answer. The attempt to build trust always carries the risk of failure. A basic condition for building trust concerns the accommodation for concerns of security and justice which will be possible only if institutions and procedures are established that convey the credible message of being impartial and effective in delivering security, justice and freedom from the fear of physical violence. Insofar, at the core of the process that has to be initiated lies building and maintaining of administrative and judicial institutions that can provide for security and justice. In many cases this will amount to building up a state and those powers that are essential elements of a state: executive powers, judiciary and legislature. In fact, most of the proposals that have been made with respect to re-building societies after extended periods of violence clearly speak out for re-establishing a state and state institutions. A strong state, although sometimes perceived to be the source of many problems, certainly is required. In many conflict and post conflict areas it is not the strong state but the lack or the weakness of a monopoly of legitimate power (and violence) which is the problem. Only a functioning state will be able to create again "trust among people". Insofar, relevant links are assumed to exist between security, the state and trust. The study on the Palestine system of criminal justice presented by Mr. Abdelbaqi provides for basic information on the existing legal structures and institutions as well as the reforms needed to improve the existing legislation, institutions and practices. The study is part of the Max-Planck-Institutes ongoing research on criminal justice in transitions and will certainly result in substantial theoretical advances

Novel engineered cationic antimicrobial peptides have a broad-spectrum activity against: Francisella tularensis, burkholderia pseudomalli and yersinia pestis

Broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against biodefense pathogens is highly desirable as a delay in treatment of infection with these pathogens can be fatal. Engineered cationic antimicrobial peptides (eCAPs) are de novo synthesized amphipathic agents with broad spectrum activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We evaluated eCAPs designated as WLBU2 and WR12 against three bacterial pathogens that are considered potential biological weapons and a great public health concern. Using both bacterial killing and growth inhibition assays, different concentrations of WLBU2 and WR12 were tested in vitro against Francisella tularensis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, and Yersinia pestis. LL37, a natural mammalian antimicrobial peptide was used for comparison. WLBU2 proved to be the best candidate against F. tularensis with a single dose of 3μM needed to achieve a 90% reduction in bacterial count and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 25 μM. LL37 failed to achieve more than 8% reduction in the bacterial count of F. tularensis with concentrations up to 100 µM. Both WLBU2 and WR12 achieved significantly better results against Y. pestis compared to LL37, but only WR12 was able to attain a MBC of 50 μM. Results for B. pseudomallei varied depending on the testing environment; a substantial reduction in bacterial count was seen with WLBU2 in potassium phosphate buffer but not in phosphate buffered saline. WLBU3 and WLBU4 were also tested against B. pseudomallei and results indicate that increasing the length of the peptides did not enhance their activity against B. pseudomallei. Moreover, WLBU2 was tested against Francisella tularensis (SchuS4) infected macrophage cells (J774) and found to decrease intracellular bacterial count by more than 90% at a concentration of 12.5µM. This data demonstrates the potential usefulness of eCAPs against the three pathogens that were evaluated and the broad applicability of eCAPs, particularly WLBU2, against bacterial biodefense pathogens

The level of islamic studies students at the faculty of education in using Quaranic setting marks and understanding quaranic verses while reading and listening.

The reserch aims to determine the level of islamic studies students\u27 ability to use quaranic setting marks in the understanding of Quaranic verses while reading and listening .A tes with degree of stability of (0.91) was applied to measure their ability to use these marks.It consisted of the light of the list Quranic setting skills consisted of one hundred students from the sixth grade students Al- Zulfi College of Education, the sample was randomly selected from whom had completed a study of the language skills and analytical interpretation (1, 2 and 3) In the second semester of the academic year 1436 / 1437. The research identifies a twelve markers that have a significant impact in the understanding of the Quranic verses, the overall average to be able to use Quranic setting markers in the understanding of the Quranic verses reading %51, 5 and the overall average to be able to use Quranic setting markers in the understanding of the Quranic verses listening % 43 , 92and the ability overall average of Islamic studies students at College of Education in Zulfi from using the setting to understand the Quranic verses reading and listening generally % 47.7,this percentage did not reach the average level. The research recommends recruiting discipline of Quranic signs in understanding the Quran through the revision of the content rapporteur analytical interpretation of its three levels including helping students to carefully mind and deduction and the application, not keeping rules and information, and take care of the development of comprehension listening skills of th

Basal cell carcinoma of the vulva: a case report and systematic review of the literature

The vulva is an unusual site for basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Vulvar BCC accounts for <1% of all BCCs and <5% of all vulvar malignancies. We report the case of an 83 year‐old woman who presented with a 2‐month history of a tender labial growth, with histopathology confirming nodular BCC. We conducted a systematic literature review of the characteristics of reported cases of vulvar BCCs. A comprehensive systematic review of articles indexed for MEDLINE and Embase yielded 96 reports describing 437 patients with 446 BCCs of the vulva. The mean age at presentation was 70 (range 20–100). Most women had no underlying vulvar disease. Approximately 60% of cases were of the nodular subtype. Treatment approach varied widely with over half of cases treated with wide local or local excision. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) for vulvar BCC was first reported in 1988 with seven total MMS cases reported. Twenty‐three cases of recurrence have been reported; 21 of these cases after local excision but none following MMS. Vulvar BCC is a rarely reported cancer that affects older women predominantly. MMS represents a promising treatment for BCC in this anatomic location.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/150570/1/ijd14307.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/150570/2/ijd14307_am.pd

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Background: Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. // Methods: We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung's disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. // Findings: We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung's disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middle-income countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in low-income countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. // Interpretation: Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

The Administration of Criminal Justice in Palestine : Development, Reform and Challenges

This book aims to assess the current state of the Palestinian criminal justice system and its administration, with regard to both law and practice, in comparison with systems in other developed countries. In parallel, it tries to explore the impacts of the different policies adopted by the PA over the last few years upon the criminal justice institutions. The book focuses on the different inside and outside challenges of the criminal justice system and suggests solutions. However, it would not immerse in pure administrative theory and concepts, but it would consolidate the theory with the practical perspective, which would aim to point out to the points of weakness of each of the Palestinian criminal justice organizations and maps up with the reform plans. It is hoped that this book furnishes legal society with practical recommendations for action to promote greater independence of the judiciary, increased access to justice, and better prospects for fair trials

The reality of scientific research in library and information sciences in Sudan

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على مدى توافر مقومات البحث العلمي في قسم المكتبات والمعلومات بجامعة النيلين، فضلاً عن الصعوبات التي تواجه طلاب الدراسات العليا. واستخدمت الدراسة منهج دراسة الحالة وكذلك المقابلة والاستبيان كأدوات لجمع البيانات. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى عدم وجود سياسة للبحث العلمي في قسم المكتبات والمعلومات،وقلة عدد المشرفين، فضلاً عن غياب التنسيق بين أقسام المكتبات والمعلومات في الدراسات العليا. وارتباط كثير من البحوث بواقع فعلي، وأوصت الدراسة بوضع خطة للبحث العلمي في قسم المكتبات والمعلومات، ودعم مكتبة الجامعة، والتنسيق بين أقسام المكتبات وبناء قاعدة معلومات للرسائل الجامعية في علوم المكتبات والمعلومات.The study aimed to identify the availability of scientific research components in the Library and Information Department at Al-Nilein University, as well as the difficulties facing graduate students. The study used the case study approach, as well as the interview and questionnaire as tools for collecting data. The study concluded that there is no policy for scientific research in the Library and Information Department, and a small number of supervisors, in addition to the absence of coordination between the library and information departments in graduate studies. Much of the research is related to actual reality, and the study recommended developing a plan for scientific research in the Library and Information Department, supporting the university library, coordinating between library departments, and building an information base for university dissertations in library and information sciences