Un urbanismo post-tecnológico para alcanzar la “Ciudad Invisible”

Currently, we are becoming conscious that excessively technocratic urban planning operations generate a response of indifference from the citizen, without really showing better results than other less closed methods. This article presents various approaches that discuss about the usefulness of a low definition of reality and its planning. It is concluded that an urban planning with a more infrastructural and less finalist focus shows some qualities that tend toward improving social conditions and toward a real democratization of the regulatory processes of urban planning.Key words: Post-cyber-urban planning, low definition, infrastructural urban planning.En la actualidad comenzamos a ser conscientes de que las operativas urbanísticas excesivamente tecnocráticas generan una respuesta de desapego del ciudadano, sin demostrarse realmente mejores resultados que con otros métodos menos cerrados. En este ensayo se exponen diversas aproximaciones que discuten sobre la conveniencia de una baja definición de la realidad y de su planificación. Se concluye que un urbanismo con una vertiente más infraestructural y menos finalista presenta unas cualidades que tienden a mejorar las condiciones sociales y la democratización real de los procesos de ordenación urbanística.Palabras clave: post-cíber-urbanismo, baja definición, urbanismo infraestructural.En la actualidad comenzamos a ser conscientes de que las operativas urbanísticas excesivamente  tecnocráticas generan una respuesta de desapego del ciudadano, sin demostrarse realmente mejores resultados que con otros métodos menos cerrados. En este ensayo se exponen diversas aproximaciones que discuten sobre la conveniencia de una baja definición de la realidad y de su planificación. Se concluye que un urbanismo con una vertiente más infraestructural y menos finalista presenta unas cualidades que tienden a mejorar las condiciones sociales y la democratización real de los procesos de ordenación urbanística.Palabras clave: post-cíber-urbanismo, baja definición, urbanismo infraestructural

New roles in Net Extended Learning Environments. A virtual learning environment experience of design in Higher Education

[ES] La Enseñanza Superior se plantea actualmente varios retos fundamentales como son la necesidad de un nuevo paradigma en la distribución y acceso al conocimiento, potenciar un acercamiento entre la formación académica y la profesional, e impulsar la innovación social que se produce de manera espontánea en la sociedad. En este contexto, los nuevos entornos de aprendizaje están basados en el uso de las TIC, que facilitan y promueven la comunicación entre usuarios activos, mientras diseñan un conjunto ordenado de objetos de aprendizaje. En esta línea, un equipo de profesores del Departamento de Urbanística y Ordenación del Territorio de la Universidad de Granada, a través de su Programa de Innovación Docente, ha desarrollado un nuevo entorno virtual de aprendizaje orientado a disciplinas de carácter técnico-proyectual, con el objetivo de potenciar una actitud creativa e innovadora en el alumnado. La plataforma web doyoucity.com ha sido diseñada como un entorno virtual de aprendizaje con objetos de aprendizaje repositados granularmente y dinámicas sociales, caracterizado por ser abierto, colaborativo e interactivo, destinado a personas interesadas en participar en el análisis, elaboración y crítica de propuestas innovadoras en el medio físico, en las escalas arquitectónica, urbana y territorial, con una fuerte presencia de la componente gráfica. Con el desarrollo de las tecnologías de la web 2.0 y la liberación de contenidos al acceso abierto y libre, surge la oportunidad de repensar los roles del profesorado y del alumnado en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje a través de los entornos virtuales.[EN] Higher Education is currently facing some fundamental challenges such as the need for a new paradigm in the distribution and access to knowledge, empowering a rapprochement between academic and professional training, as well as promoting social innovation which spontaneously occurs in society. Within this context, the new educational environments are based on the use of ICT’s, which facilitate and promote communication between active users, while designing a well-organized set of Learning Objects. Hence, a team of teachers from the Department of Urbanism and Planning of the University of Granada, within their Teaching Innovation Program, has developed a new virtual learning environment mainly focused on technical and design subjects, where the main objective is encouraging creative and innovative attitudes in students.The web platform doyoucity.com has been designed as a Virtual Learning Environment with social dynamics and a granular design of its Learning Objects. Its setup is open, collaborative and interactive, aimed at people who are interested in participating in the analysis, development and critique of innovative proposals regarding the physical environment and architectural, urban and territorial scales with a strong graphical component. As a result of the development of the web technology 2.0 and the freeing up of contents, allowing free and open access to these contents, an opportunity to rethink teacher and student roles within the learning and teaching process through virtual environments.Osuna-Perez, F.; Abarca-Alvarez, FJ. (2013). Los nuevos roles en entornos educativos extendidos en Red. La experiencia de diseño de un entorno virtual de aprendizaje en Educación Superior. REDU. Revista de Docencia Universitaria. 11(2):353-372. https://doi.org/10.4995/redu.2013.5580OJS35337211

SPACE, SOCIETY AND SUSTAINABILITY INTEGRATED UNDER RELATIONAL CAPITAL

La importancia del espacio de habitación trasciende cuestiones básicas de tipo funcional o estético para influir, además, en el comportamiento y en la actitud de las personas que lo habitan, así como en su carácter o en su ánimo. Consiste en un valor o suerte de capital fuertemente ligado a otros capitales, como el fijo y el social, entre otros. Se discute de forma crítica a través de los enfoques de diversos expertos en la materia, mediante varios pasos: significado, composición, materialización, escala, uso, potencial, rentabilidad y legitimación. Puede asumir funciones urbanas de integración, conexión cualificada y acumulación de rentas multinivel, lo que lo convierte en un factor clave de resiliencia y sostenibilidad urbana, útil a la planificación y a la agenda política. Palabras Clave: Capital relacional, espacio de habitación, resiliencia urbana, planificación urbana, capital social. The importance of the living space transcends functional and aesthetic basic issues to additionally influence both the behavior and attitude of people who live there, as well as their character or mood. The relational potential consists of a value or a sort of capital strongly linked to other capitals, such as fixed and social capitals, among others. This concept is discussed critically taking into account the approaches of several experts in the field, which is done in a few steps: meaning, composition, materialization, scale, use, potential, profitability, and legitimization. It can assume urban functions of integration, qualified connection, and multilevel profit accumulation. All of which makes it a key factor of urban resilience and thus of sustainability, which is useful for planning and public policy. Keywords: Relational capital, living space, urban resilience, urban planning, social capital

The identification of spatial patterns in city limits through Self-Organized maps of the centrality of the road network

The characterization of city limits is of especial interest since it may provide hints to understanding the urban growth taking place in peripheries, and it also makes it possible to identify the keys to the continuous and discontinuous relationships between cities and their surroundings. Within this context, many different approaches could be adopted to undertake this kind of analysis. This paper specifically explores the possibilities offered by the use of self-organized maps created from the results of the application of different centrality measures in the mixed road network, which is comprised of systems of streets, metropolitan roads and rural roads. The implementation of centrality measures to a mixed road network is already an innovative exercise, considering that centrality analyses are normally carried out in more purely intra-urban contexts. The spatial representation of the profiles obtained with the self-organized maps shows different structural characteristics throughout city limits, which can be used to interpret the nature of the boundary itself. The proposed methodology was tested in the city of Granada (Spain), specifically on the limit in contact with the area surrounding the Vega de Granada, a singular agricultural landscape linked to the Genil River.La caracterización morfológica del borde urbano es un ejercicio que reviste un interés especial porque, por una parte, ayuda a entender los crecimientos urbanos que tienen lugar en las zonas periféricas y, por otra, permite descifrar las claves de las relaciones de continuidad o discontinuidad que existen entre la ciudad y su entorno. En este contexto, son muchos los enfoques desde el análisis. En este artículo, se exploran en concreto las posibilidades que ofrece la utilización de mapas auto-organizados, elaborados a partir de los resultados de la aplicación de medidas de centralidad de la red viaria mixta que forman los sistemas de calles, los viarios metropolitanos y los caminos agrarios. La aplicación de diferentes medidas de centralidad en una red viaria mixta, supone en sí un ejercicio innovador, ya que, normalmente, los análisis de centralidad se aplican en el ámbito más puramente intraurbanos. La base espacial de los perfiles obtenidos en las series se puede comparar con la naturaleza del propio borde. La Metodología propuesta se ha testeado en la ciudad de Granada (España), específicamente, sobre el borde de contacto de la ciudad con el entorno de la Vega de Granada, un paisaje agrario singular ligado al Río Genil

Centralities in the city border: a method to identify strategic urban-rural interventions

City borders perform an essential role in connecting towns and their surroundings. Being more a fuzzy area than a thin line, these urban borders gather together residential, tertiary and infrastructural uses, places awaiting development, agricultural fields, brown-field sites, abandoned areas etc. all named as ‘b-sites’. Within this context, we propose a method to identify places for strategic urban-rural interventions based on the assessment and identification of centralities in the urban-rural transition. Multiple centrality assessment is here presented as an innovative application considering both urban streets and rural road networks as a mixed network with identified central nodes. This innovative method has been tested in the city of Granada (Spain) allowing us to identify high centrality ‘b-sites’ where landscape project design and, urban-rural interventions could contribute to creating urban-rural transition continuity

Decision Model for Predicting Social Vulnerability Using Artificial Intelligence

Social vulnerability, from a socio-environmental point of view, focuses on the identification of disadvantaged or vulnerable groups and the conditions and dynamics of the environments in which they live. To understand this issue, it is important to identify the factors that explain the difficulty of facing situations with a social disadvantage. Due to its complexity and multidimensionality, it is not always easy to point out the social groups and urban areas affected. This research aimed to assess the connection between certain dimensions of social vulnerability and its urban and dwelling context as a fundamental framework in which it occurs using a decision model useful for the planning of social and urban actions. For this purpose, a holistic approximation was carried out on the census and demographic data commonly used in this type of study, proposing the construction of (i) a knowledge model based on Artificial Neural Networks (Self-Organizing Map), with which a demographic profile is identified and characterized whose indicators point to a presence of social vulnerability, and (ii) a predictive model of such a profile based on rules from dwelling variables constructed by conditional inference trees. These models, in combination with Geographic Information Systems, make a decision model feasible for the prediction of social vulnerability based on housing information

Methodology of Decision Support through GIS and Artificial Intelligence: Implementation for Demographic Characterization of Andalusia based on Dwelling

Los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) han sido ampliamente utilizados para el almacenamiento y gestión de la información territorial, mostrándose especialmente útiles para el análisis y para la verificación de hipótesis previamente formuladas y con componentes espaciales relevantes. Existen metodologías heurísticas que en contextos como los actuales, de sobre-abundancia de datos, permiten evidenciar sus coherencias, sin requerir necesariamente hipótesis o formulaciones previas para generar conocimiento. Se propone el uso combinado de (i) técnicas procedentes de la Inteligencia Artificial, como son las Redes Neuronales Artificiales (ANN) del tipo Mapa Auto-organizado (SOM), que han demostrado ser muy eficaces y robustas clasificando y caracterizando perfiles en los datos; integradas con (ii) técnicas de Machine Learning como son los árboles de decisión, singularmente funcionales en la creación de modelos predictivos e interpretables para formular hipótesis explicativas de los perfiles anteriores a partir de otras variables diferenciadas. La investigación plantea combinar SIG, SOM y árboles de decisión para la construcción de modelos explicativos de los perfiles demográficos y sociales de Andalucía, a partir de datos de bajo coste sobre la dimensión residencial. Se verifica la viabilidad de tales modelos predictivos y su alto valor para la comprensión y para la toma de decisiones sobre tales territorios.Palabras clave: árbol de decisión SIG, DSS, mapa auto-organizado.Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been widely used for the storage and management of territorial information, being especially useful for the analysis and verification of previously formulated hypotheses and coexisting with relevant spatial components. There are heuristic methodologies that, in contexts such as the present one, of data over-abundance, allow showing their coherence, not necessarily requiring hypotheses or previous formulations to generate knowledge. The combined use of (i) Artificial Intelligence techniques such as the Artificial Neural Network (ANN), namely the Self-Organized Maps (SOM), is proposed. They are very effective and robust by classifying and characterizing profiles in the data. They interact with (ii) machine learning techniques such as decision trees, which are singularly functional in the creation of predictive and interpretable models, with the intention of formulating explanatory hypotheses of the previous profiles, working with other different variables. The research proposes the combination of GIS, SOM and decision trees for the construction of explanatory models of the demographic and social profiles of Andalusia, based on low cost data on the residential dimension. The feasibility of such predictive models and their great value for understanding and as decision support on such territories are evaluated satisfactorily.Keywords: GIS, decision tree, DSS, self-organizing map, SOM

A Framework for the Organisation and Dynamic Reconfiguration of the World Wide Web

The wide use of the World Wide Web has accentuated the problems that are inherent in the existing design. Such problems include difficulties in locating information, extensive waste in network bandwidth, lack for authoring support tools, etc. In this paper we will present a representational model and framework for hypertext networks in general and the WWW in particular. The aim of this framework is to alleviate the above mentioned problems and produce a new version of the WWW that is more usable and intuitive, without sacrificing the flexibility and openness of the current design

Señales de gentrificación a través de la Inteligencia Artificial: identificación mediante el censo de vivienda

La gentrificación no siempre es detectada por la sociedad, la política y la planificación a tiempo de interpretar sus dinámicas y de llevar a cabo intervenciones que mitiguen sus efectos adversos. Sus implicaciones son tan importantes en la fisionomía social de las ciudades, que será relevante toda herramienta que permita pronosticar o evidenciar cualquier tipo de señal de la gentrificación. La investigación trata de evaluar la viabilidad de la detección de ámbitos vinculados a procesos de gentrificación, incipientes o asentados, mediante el uso de fuentes de información comunes en las ciudades, como son los censos de viviendas. Para ello se propone el uso de metodologías de extracción de información basadas en técnicas de minería de datos procedentes de las ciencias de la Inteligencia Artificial. La metodología se evalúa experimentalmente en un territorio complejo y extenso, la costa mediterránea peninsular española. Los resultados permiten identificar un perfil urbano que incluye todas las barriadas a las que el estado del arte atribuye gentrificación, resultando la proporción de viviendas en alquiler determinante. Se concluye que la metodología propuesta es útil para evidenciar territorios con señales similares a los entornos urbanos con gentrificación, permitiendo la detección temprana de procesos semejantes en otros ámbitos.Gentrification is not always detected by society, policy and planning in time to interpret its dynamics and implement interventions that mitigate its adverse effects. Its implications are so important in the social physiognomy of cities, that any tool that can predict or evidence any kind of sign of gentrification will be relevant. The research seeks to assess the feasibility of detecting areas linked to gentrification processes, incipient or settled, by using common sources of information in cities, such as the housing census. To this end, we propose the use of information extraction methodologies based on data mining techniques from Artificial Intelligence sciences. The methodology is evaluated experimentally in a complex and extensive territory, the Mediterranean coast of the Spanish peninsula. The results make it possible to identify an urban profile that includes all the neighbourhoods, to which the state of the art attributes gentrification, resulting in the proportion of rented dwellings that are essential for this purpose. It is concluded that the proposed methodology is useful to evidence territories with similar signs to urban environments with gentrification, allowing the early detection of similar processes in other areas.A gentrificação nem sempre é detetada a tempo pela sociedade, a política e o planeamento para levar a cabo intervenções que mitiguem os seus efeitos adversos. As suas implicações são tão importantes na fisionomia social das cidades, que será relevante qualquer ferramenta que permita prognosticar ou evidenciar qualquer tipo de sinal da gentrificação. Neste artigo apresenta-se uma investigação que avalia a viabilidade da deteção de âmbitos vinculados a processos de gentrificação, incipientes ou consolidados, através da utilização de fontes de informação comuns nas cidades, como os recenseamentos habitacionais. Para isto, propõe-se a utilização de metodologias de extração de informação baseadas em técnicas de mineração de dados da Inteligência Artificial, aplicadas a um território complexo e extenso: a costa mediterrânea peninsular espanhola. Os resultados permitem identificar um perfil urbano que inclui todos os bairros a que os conhecimentos atuais atribuem gentrificação, demonstrando-se que a proporção de casas para alugar é um sinal relevante de gentrificação. Conclui-se que a metodologia proposta é útil para evidenciar territórios com sinais semelhantes aos dos ambientes urbanos com gentrificação, permitindo a deteção precoce de processos semelhantes noutros âmbitos