Kartuli-lehemädaniku tekitaja Phytophtharainfestans Baltikumi populatsioonide fenotüübiline iseloomustamįne

Potato late-blight is one of the most destructive diseases of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) worldwide; it is caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. The disease is also a serious problem for potato growers in the Baltic countries, where the average losses are 15-30% and if the weather during the vegetation period is favourable for P. infestans, then the loss of yield can go up to 50%. P. infestans populations in Estonia have been studied since 1966, still due to the consequence of sexual reproduction, there is an ongoing change in genotypes and continuous diversification occurring in the Estonian P. infestans population, which should be studied continually. In Latvia and Lithuania, data on P. infestans population characteristics is insufficient and out of date, therefore, the novelty of this study was to fill the information gaps about the phenotypic characteristics in the populations of P. infestans in Latvia and Lithuania as one part of Eastern Europe. The main aims of the this study were to determine the general characteristics of the populations of P. infestans in the Baltic countries, in terms of mating type, reaction to metalaxyl and pathotypic diversity. The results revealed that the mating type ratio in Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian populations of P. infestans, was close to 1:1 throughout the studied years, furthermore, mating types A1 and A2 were present in the same fields at the same time, indicating possible sexual reproduction in these pathogen populations. Also the results in Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian populations of the pathogen, concerning the metalaxyl-resistance, during 2010-2013 were quite similar with domination by metalaxyl-sensitive isolates. All known virulence factors were found from all studied countries, the most common virulence factors were R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R10, R11. The rarest virulence factors in all Baltic countries were R5, R8 and R9. In general, the populations of P. infestans are similar in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Minor differences can be considered normal as the populations are highly diverse and the pathogen is continuously changing.Kartulikasvatuses suurimaid saagikadusid põhjustav kartulihaigus on kartuli-lehemädanik, mida tekitab seenetaoline organism Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. Viimastel aastakümnetel on toimunud suured muutused haigustekitaja populatsioonides. 1970. aastate lõpus imporditi Mehhikost koos seemnekartuliga patogeeni A2 paarumistüüp ning „vana“ A1 paarumistüübiga P. infestans populatsioon on segunenud või asendunud uue, mitmekesise ja agressiivse A2 paarumistüübiga. Selle tulemusena on Euroopas varasemalt vaid vegetatiivselt paljunev patogeen võimeline paljunema ka suguliselt, ning suudab pikka aega mullas püsieostega, ilma peremeestaimeta, eluvõimelisena püsida. Kartuli-lehemädanik on tõsine probleem Eesti, Läti Leedu kartulipõldudel, kus keskmine saagikadu on 15 – 30% ning patogeenile soodsates tingimustes kuni 50%. Eesti P.infestans populatsioone on verem uuritud, kuid pidev haigustekitaja monitooring on endiselt oluline. Senine informatsioon haigustekitaja Läti ja Leedu populatsioonide kohta oli vähene ning sageli ka vananenud. Doktoritöö peamiseks eesmärgiks oli võrrelda P. infestans’i populatsioonide fenotüübilist varieeruvust Eestis, Lätis ja Leedus. Analüüside tulemused kinnitasid varasemates töödes saadud tulemeid, et P. infestans’i Eesti populatsioonis on suur fenotüübililine varieeruvus ning tõenäoliselt just sugulise paljunemise tulemusena esineb haigustekitaja mitmekesistumine. Lisaks selgus, et paarumistüüpide suhe P. infestans’i Eesti, Läti ja Leedu populatsioonides osutab sugulisele paljunemisele, mis tähendab, et muldade saastumise oht kauapüsivate püsieostega on reaalne. Samuti näitasid uuringud, et patogeeni metalaksüüli-resistentsus oli Eesti, Läti ja Leedu populatsioonides sarnane – domineerisid metalaksüülile tundlikud tüved. Kõik virulentsusfaktorid (R1 – R11) esinesid kõigis Balti populatsioonides, kusjuures enim levinud virulentsusfaktorid olid R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, R7, R10, R11 ning harva esinesid R5, R8 ja R9 virulentsusfaktorid. Käesoleva uurimistöö tulemustest järeldub, et kolmes Balti riigis esineva patogeeni populatsioonid on fenotüübilt väga varieeruvad ning keerulised ning järjepidev haigustekitaja populatsioonide monitooring Balti riikides on oluline, et olla kursis patogeeni iseloomu muutustega ning vajadusel korrigeerida haiguse ennetus- ning tõrjesüsteeme

(1S,2S,6S,9S)-6-Methyl-5-oxobicyclo­[4.4.0]decane-2,9-diyl diacetate

The chiral title compound, C15H22O5, is an inter­mediate in the total synthesis of biologically active 9,11-secosterols. In the crystal, the cyclo­hexane rings are trans-fused and both adopt chair conformations. In the crystal, mol­ecules are loosely held together in a layer parallel to (100) by weak inter­molcular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds accepted by carbonyl O atoms of the acetyl groups

The adaptive value of camouflage and colour change in a polymorphic prawn

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer Nature via the DOI in this record.Camouflage has been a textbook example of natural selection and adaptation since the time of the earliest evolutionists. However, aside from correlational evidence and studies using artificial dummy prey, experiments directly showing that better camouflaged prey to predator vision are at reduced risk of attack are lacking. Here, we show that the level of camouflage achieved through colour adjustments towards the appearance of seaweed habitats is adaptive in reducing predation pressure in the prawn Hippolyte obliquimanus. Digital image analysis and visual modelling of a fish predator (seahorse) predicted that brown prawns would be imperfectly concealed against both brown and red seaweed respectively, whereas pink prawns should be well camouflaged only in red weed. Predation trials with captive seahorses (Hippocampus reidi), coupled with high-speed video analyses, closely matched model predictions: predation rates were similar for brown prawns between seaweed types, but pink individuals were attacked significantly less on red than brown weed. Our work provides some of the clearest direct evidence to date that colour polymorphism and colour change provides a clear adaptive advantage for camouflage, and also highlights how this can be asymmetric across morphs and habitats (i.e. dependent on the specific background-morph combination).This study was funded by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) which granted a PhD fellowship to RCD (#2012/17003-0, #2015/04484-8), and a visiting professor grant to MS (#2015/22258-5)

The potential and limitations for applications of oat proteins in the food industry

Received: February 1st, 2022 ; Accepted: March 4th, 2022 ; Published: March 14th, 2022 ; Correspondence: [email protected] proteins have gained high attractive popularity in the market as future protein alternatives in various food products. The extracted oat protein fractions are characterised by a relatively high protein content and a unique amino acid profile compared to other cereal grains. From another aspect, the oat protein is separated unintentionally during the production of oat flours, oat drinks, and oat flakes which encourages the incorporation of oat proteins in the food industry to valorise the food wastes. Therefore, commercial oat proteins possess poor technofunctionality and water solubility in the usual environmental conditions for most food products; therefore, modification of oat proteins functionalities is highly recommended. Several modification methods, including chemical, physical and enzymatic, have been proposed to improve the techno-functionality of native oat proteins and their biological activities. This review highlights the nutritional value of the oat protein fractions, their techno-functional properties and their food industrial challenging limitations. Additionally, it summarises several prospective methods effective for boosting the functionality of oat protein fractions and broadening their application in a range of food industries (bakery, dairy, meat, and their alternative products) with an overview of their impact on humans, animals, and environmental health

Pagine preliminari

Suvremeno tržište ponude i potražnje globalizacijom i informatizacijom postalo je sve zahtjevnije te klasična ponuda proizvoda i usluga s iznimnom kvalitetom više nije dostatna zadovoljstvu turista. Ekonomija na tržištu se promijenila, od početne agrarne, kroz industrijsku, uslužnu te sve do današnje ekonomije doživljaja. Takva ekonomija temeljena je na stvaranju novog iskustva i znanja, krajnjeg novog optimalnog doživljaja koji kreira pozitivnu memoriju i lojalnost kod posjetitelja. Danas se ekonomija doživljaja smatra ključnom komponentom za opstanak na konkurentnom tržištu nudeći kreaciju novog pamtljivog iskustva koji nadilazi klasičnu ponudu sirovina koje su lako zamjenjive te tipizirane. Očekivanja, obrazovanje i karakteristike posjetitelja početna su točka kreacije doživljaja te iz tog razloga istraživanje tržišta od iznimne je važnosti pri kreiranju inovirane, kvalitetne i personalizirane ponude. Model 4E obuhvaća četiri temeljne dimenzije doživljaja , obrazovanje, zabavu, bijeg i estetiku, a koje zajedno kreiraju upravo željeni optimalni doživljaj. Uspješnost događaja, uz financijske pokazatelje, danas se prvenstveno mjeri zadovoljstvom posjetitelja te iz tog razloga analizom provedenih događaja i mjerenje četiri dimenzija doživljaja došlo se do zaključka o važnosti kreacije novog doživljaja koji kreira memoriju te sukladno lojalnost kod posjetitelja. Uz veliku ponudu događaja u Hrvatskoj predlaže se veća posvećenost mjerenja uspješnosti kroz mjerenje dimenzija iskustva i kreiranog optimalnog doživljaja kod posjetitelja

Arvutil põhineva leiutise õiguslik määratlus ja patenteerimise muutus patendiametite ja kohtute praktika baasil

http://www.ester.ee/record=b4502490*es

Läbivad teemad kahes seitsmenda klassi matemaatika õpikus

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2611533~S1*es