Transnational Open and Distance Learning: A Framework for Turkey as an Importer Country

Abstract Transnational higher education has been an increasingly important phenomeno

Relationship between intracellular pathogens Toxoplasma gondii and Borrelia burgdorferi infections and migraine

Aim: In this study, the serological values of our patients followed up with a diagnosis of migraine were compared with the results of healthy controls in terms of possible association with intracellular pathogens, Toxoplasma gondii and Borrelia burgdorferi. Methods: Fifty patients with migraine, randomly selected among migraine patients without any additional disease, who applied to Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal Training and Research Hospital between January 1, 2015 and August 31, 2019 were included in the study. Fifty subjects without headache were included as control group. The history of infectious diseases of the patient and control groups (Toxoplasma gondii, Borrelia burgdorferi- causing Lyme disease) was determined by serological diagnostic methods. Results: The study group consisted of 64 women with a mean age of 45.5±13.1 (15-76) years. Migraine and control groups were found to be similar in terms of age (p=0.059) and gender (p=0.211) distributions. The frequency of Toxoplasma gondii positivity in the migraine group was 28% (n=14) and 10% (n=5) in the control group. The frequency of Lyme was 19.6% (n=11) in the migraine group and 14.3% (n=8) in the control group. The frequency of Toxoplasma gondii positivity was statistically significantly higher in the migraine group (p=0.022), while the frequency of Lyme was found to be similar in the migraine and control groups (p=0.450). Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that there are statistically significant differences between migraine and control groups only in terms of Toxoplasma gondii positivity rates, not Lyme. However, we believe that larger sample studies are needed to determine the detailed relationship between migraine and Toxoplasma gondii infection

Expression of antimicrobial peptides in recurrent adenotonsillitis

Kilic, Murat/0000-0002-1377-2021; aydin, sedat/0000-0003-4939-5026; demir, mehmet/0000-0002-0609-6782WOS: 000393197500008Background: Recurrent acute tonsillitis is one of the most frequent otorhinolaryngology clinic referrals, yet its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Antimicrobial cationic peptides are components of the innate system. They are generally small, highly positively charged peptides with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity which function as the body's "natural antibiotics". Our aim is to investigate the role of antimicrobial cationic peptides in the susceptibility of patients to recurrent acute tonsillitis. Materials and methods: The study is done with 100 children who had a history of recurrent adenotonsillitis as subject group and 100 children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy as control group. Tonsillar and adenoid tissues are dissected into parts as deep and surface epithelium and investigated semiquantitatively with immunohistochemistry. Human beta defensin (hBD) 1-3 and cathelecidin (LL-37) levels are compared with microscopically. Results: Immunohistochemistry revealed a strong expression of hBD-1, hBD-2 and hBD-3 in tonsillar tissue. Quantification of hBD-1, hBD-2 and hBD-3 expressions are shown more in tonsillar tissue than in adenoids. LL-37 is one of the antimicrobial peptides found in human tonsillar tissue and adenoids, that participates in the innate immune system of these tissues. Statistically, hBD-1, hBD-3 and LL-37 expressions were different in recurrent tonsillitis tissue than control (p < 0.05). Moreover hBD-2 expression was different in adenoid tissue than control (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Antimicrobial peptides have key role in adenotonsillar infections and this defense mechanism increases susceptibility to recurrent infections in upper respiratory tract

Knowledge and attitudes towards complementary and alternative medicine among medical students in Turkey

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine knowledge and attitudes towards Complementary and Alternative Medicine among medical students in Turkey, and find out whether they want to be trained in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out between October and December 2010 among medical students. Data were collected from a total of seven medical schools. FINDINGS: The study included 943 medical students. The most well known methods among the students were herbal treatment (81.2 %), acupuncture (80.8 %), hypnosis (78.8 %), body-based practices including massage (77 %) and meditation (65.2 %), respectively. Acupuncture, aromatherapy, herbal treatment and meditation were better known among female participants compared to males (p < 0.05). Females and first year students, generally had more positive attitudes. A larger proportion of female students compared to male students reported that a doctor should be knowledgeable about CAM (p = 0.001), and this knowledge would be helpful in their future professional lives (p = 0.015). Positive attitudes towards and willingness to receive training declined as the number of years spent in the faculty of medicine increased. CONCLUSIONS: Majority of the medical students were familiar with the CAM methods widely used in Turkey, while most of them had positive attitudes towards CAM as well as willingness to receive training on the subject, and they were likely to recommend CAM methods to their patients in their future professional lives. With its gradual scientific development and increasing popularity, there appears a need for a coordinated policy in integrating CAM into the medical curriculum, by taking expectations of and feedback from medical students into consideration in setting educational standards

Blood mRNA expression profiles of autophagy, apoptosis, and hypoxia markers on blood cardioplegia and custodiol cardioplegia groups

Introduction: Blood cardioplegia (BC) and Custodiol cardioplegia (CC) have been used for a long time in open heart surgery and are highly effective solutions. The most controversial issue among these two is whether there is any difference between them regarding myocardial damage after ischemia surgery. In this study, autophagy, apoptosis, and hypoxia markers were investigated and that way we evaluated the differences between BC and CC patients

Comparação de Soluções Cardioplégicas em Cirurgia de Revascularização Miocárdica sobre Mecanismos de Autofagia e Apoptose

Resumo Fundamento A doença arterial coronariana (DAC) devido à isquemia miocárdica causa perda permanente de tecido cardíaco. Objetivos Nosso objetivo foi demonstrar o possível dano ao miocárdio em nível molecular através dos mecanismos de autofagia e apoptose em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Métodos Um grupo recebeu uma solução de cardioplegia Custodiol e o outro grupo uma solução de cardioplegia sanguínea. Duas amostras miocárdicas foram coletadas de cada paciente durante a operação, imediatamente antes da parada cardíaca e após a liberação do pinçamento aórtico. Foram avaliadas as expressões de marcadores de autofagia e apoptose. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de 5%. Resultados A expressão do gene BECLIN foi significativa nos tecidos miocárdicos do grupo CS (p=0,0078). Os níveis de expressão dos genes CASPASE 3, 8 e 9 foram significativamente menores no grupo CC. Os níveis pós-operatórios de TnT foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos (p=0,0072). As expressões dos genes CASPASE 8 e CASPASE 9 foram semelhantes antes e depois do pinçamento aórtico (p=0,8552, p=0,8891). No grupo CC, os níveis de expressão gênica de CASPASE 3, CASPASE 8 e CASPASE 9 não foram significativamente diferentes em amostras de tecido coletadas após pinçamento aórtico (p=0,7354, p=0,0758, p=0,4128, respectivamente). Conclusões Com nossos achados, acreditamos que as soluções CC e CS não apresentam diferença significativa em termos de proteção miocárdica durante as operações de by-pass

Volume CXIV, Number 4, November 7, 1996

Objective: Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal disorder caused by complete or partial X chromosome monosomy that manifests various clinical features depending on the karyotype and on the genetic background of affected girls. This study aimed to systematically investigate the key clinical features of TS in relationship to karyotype in a large pediatric Turkish patient population.Methods: Our retrospective study included 842 karyotype-proven TS patients aged 0-18 years who were evaluated in 35 different centers in Turkey in the years 2013-2014.Results: The most common karyotype was 45,X (50.7%), followed by 45,X/46,XX (10.8%), 46,X,i(Xq) (10.1%) and 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) (9.5%). Mean age at diagnosis was 10.2±4.4 years. The most common presenting complaints were short stature and delayed puberty. Among patients diagnosed before age one year, the ratio of karyotype 45,X was significantly higher than that of other karyotype groups. Cardiac defects (bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of the aorta and aortic stenosis) were the most common congenital anomalies, occurring in 25% of the TS cases. This was followed by urinary system anomalies (horseshoe kidney, double collector duct system and renal rotation) detected in 16.3%. Hashimoto's thyroiditis was found in 11.1% of patients, gastrointestinal abnormalities in 8.9%, ear nose and throat problems in 22.6%, dermatologic problems in 21.8% and osteoporosis in 15.3%. Learning difficulties and/or psychosocial problems were encountered in 39.1%. Insulin resistance and impaired fasting glucose were detected in 3.4% and 2.2%, respectively. Dyslipidemia prevalence was 11.4%.Conclusion: This comprehensive study systematically evaluated the largest group of karyotype-proven TS girls to date. The karyotype distribution, congenital anomaly and comorbidity profile closely parallel that from other countries and support the need for close medical surveillance of these complex patients throughout their lifespa

ANKARA ETNOGRAFYA MÜZESİNDEKİ BEŞ KUR'AN-I KERİM'İN TEZHİP SÜSLEME ÖZELLİKLERİ

Tezhip Arapça zehep (altın) sözcüğünden türemiştir. Tam karşılığı altınlama yaldızlamadır. Türk Tezhip Sanatı'nı, altın kullanılarak yapılan süsleme sanatı diye tanımlayabiliriz. Tezhip yalnız altın yaldızla yapılan işleri ifade etmez, altının yanı sıra boya da kullanılarak, sadece kitaplarda değil hat levhalarında, fermanlarda hatta ahşap ve deri üzerinde geleneksel motiflerimizin uygulandığı tezyinattır. Tezhip yapan kişilere müzehhip veya müzehhibe denir. Genellikle bir yazı süslemesi olarak bilinen ve Hüsn-i Hattın elbisesi olarak kabul edilen tezhip sanatını, Türklerde İslam öncesi ve İslam dininin kabulünden sonraki tezhip sanatı olmak üzere iki ana grupta toplamak mümkündür. Türklerde tezhip sanatının geçmişi Uygurlara kadar uzanır. Mani dininin Uygurlar arasında yayıldığı 9. yüzyılda Tezhip Sanatı da görülmeye başlanmıştır. İslamiyet'in Türkler tarafından kabul edilmesinden sonra, ilime ve Kur'an-ı Kerim'e duyulan saygıya paralel olarak gelişme göstermiştir. Türklerin İslamiyet'i kabulünden sonra tezhip sanatının geliştiği, kazandığı üsluplarla motif dağarcığının zenginleştiği, kronolojik olarak incelenebilmektedir. Tezhip sanatı yazma eserlerde kitaba verilen önemin bir belirtisi olarak karşımıza çıkar. Tezhip yapılmış bir yazma eser, ayrıca sahibine verilen değeri göstermektedir Tezhibin özellikle, İslam dininin mukaddes kitabı Kur'an-ı Kerim'e yapıldığı görülmektedir. Çünkü Kur'an İslamiyet'i seçen Türkler için de, diğer uluslar veya kavimler gibi çok değerli bir kitaptır. Bu sebeple tarihte yapılmış en güzel tezhip süslemelerin Kur'an-ı Kerim'lerde olacağı şüphe götürmez bir gerçektir. Tezhip Sanatı, tarihten günümüze kadar gelen çeşitli eserlerden anlaşılacağı üzere en çok yazma eserlerde, yazma eserler arasında da en çok Kur'an-ı Kerim'lere uygulanmıştır. Kur'an-ı Kerim tezhiplerine verilen önem, kitabın cildinde de devam etmiş böylece sanatkâr cildinden noktasına kadar, Allah'ın kelamlarını içeren yazma kitapları süslemek istemiştir. Bazı çalışmalarda hiç yazı olmadan da tezhip yapılmaktadır. Önemli olan tezhip sanatı kaidelerinin uygulanmasıdır. Bilinen en eski dini el yazma kitap İslamiyet'in ilk üç yüz yılına ait Kur'an-ı Kerimlerdir. İslam dininin kutsal kitabı olan Kur'an-ı Kerim'i ilk süsleten kişi Hz. Ali'dir. İlk Kur'an-ı Kerimlerde tezhip, ayetleri, sureleri ayırmakta kullanılırdı. Daha sonra secde güllerinde sayfa kenarı süslemelerinde kullanıldı. Özellikle iri güller 11. ve 12. yüzyıla gelindiğinde bolca kullanılmıştır. Tezhip sanatı günümüzde; genellikle tek başına ya da hüsn-i hat, minyatür gibi eserleri süslemek için levha olarak kullanıldığı gibi daha farklı alanlarda da kullanılmaktadır. Örneğin tekstil sektöründe, kumaş deseni tasarımlarında tezhip sanatında gördüğümüz motiflere ve kompozisyonlara sıkça rastlanır. Müzelerimiz tezhip, çini, hat, halı, kilim, madeni eşya, ağaç işleri, cam işleri gibi Türk zevki ve geleneği ile yapılan birçok eseri barındırmaktadır. Bunların bilimsel incelemesi renkten desene ve işçiliğe kadar pek çok özelliğin milli bir zevk bir gelenek halinde yaşatıldığını göstermesi açısından önemlidir.Tezhip comes from the word zehep (gold) in Arabic.It means illumination.Turkish Illumination Art can be determined as the decoration art made by using gold.Not only gold is used,but also paint is used in works and this works are used in books,old edicts,good writing arts,in motifs of wood and leather.Person who works on illumination named as müzehhip or müzehhibe. The Illumination Art is usually known as a writing decoration and it is adopted as the dress of the good writing.In Turks,we can define 2 periods about this art,one is the period before Islam the other is the period After Islam.The begining of Turkish Illumunation Art goes to Uygurs with Manila Religion in 9th century.After Admission of Islam the art is developed paralel with the respect to science and Quran.The development and the riched motif variations can be chronologically seen.The illumination art is also the shows the importance given to books on handwritten books.An illuminated hand-written book also shows the importance given to its owner.Illumination Art is mostly seen on the Quran,the Muslıms Holy- Book.Because Quran is the most precious book either Muslim Turks or other nations.For this reason,the best Illıminatıon Art can be seen in Qurans. The Illumination Art is mostly used in hand-written books especially in hand-written Qurans,this can be easily seen in books comes from old years.The importance given to Quran Illumination also can be seen in cover of the book thus the artist want to design the Gods word from its cover to its point.If the rules are practiced,illumination can be used without writings,as only illumination. The oldest hand-made books known are Qurans which belong to the first 300 years of Islam. The person who is first made the Quran designed is Hz.Ali.At the begininig,illumination used to seperate the verses,later it is used in prostration roses and page border designs.Especially,big roses are used in 11th-12th centuries. At the present day,the illumination art is used to design good writings,miniatures or it is used in tekstile on the designs of motifs. In our museums,there are many illuminations,ceramics,flags,carpets,kilims,wood works,glass works,which are maden by Turkish tradition and gratification.The treatises are important to show that many characteristics like colour,design and work are carried on traditionally