93 research outputs found
Body Composition of Young Laborers: The Results of a Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
The aim of this study was to determine the changes caused by physical stress on the body composition of young males.
In order to show these changes, the study was performed with 104 young male laborers who worked through their adolescence
and who were currently working in workshops in the industrial sector (Group 1, mean age 18.48±0.61 years). For
the control group, two groups of the same age but having a difference in terms of socioeconomic status were chosen. The
first one of these was comprised of individuals who had the same socioeconomic status as the laborers (Group 2, n=102,
mean age 18.39±0.58 years) but were not laborers. The second control group was composed of individuals from the
higher socioeconomic levels of society (Group 3, n=103, mean age 18.43±0.67). Measurements of the height of the individuals
were taken with a standard portable anthropometer, and their body weight and BIA measurements were taken
with Tanita TBF-305 leg-to-leg body composition analysis equipment. The results of the analysis show that the weight,
height, BMI and fat mass values of the laborers were significantly lower (P < 0.05–0.001) than those of Group 3, but were
not statistically different from those of Group 2. These findings reveal that the effects of socioeconomic conditions on body
composition outweigh those of working conditions
Conservatism Negatively Predicts Creativity: A Study Across 28 Countries
Previous studies have found a negative relationship between creativity and conservatism. However, as these studies were mostly conducted on samples of homogeneous nationality, the generalizability of the effect across different cultures is unknown. We addressed this gap by conducting a study in 28 countries. Based on the notion that attitudes can be shaped by both environmental and ecological factors, we hypothesized that parasite stress can also affect creativity and thus, its potential effects should be controlled for. The results of multilevel analyses showed that, as expected, conservatism was a significant predictor of lower creativity, adjusting for economic status, age, sex, education level, subjective susceptibility to disease, and country-level parasite stress. In addition, most of the variability in creativity was due to individual rather than country-level variance. Our study provides evidence for a weak but significant negative link between conservatism and creativity at the individual level (β = −0.08, p < .001) and no such effect when country-level conservatism was considered. We present our hypotheses considering previous findings on the behavioral immune system in humans
Conservatism Negatively Predicts Creativity: A Study Across 28 Countries
Previous studies have found a negative relationship between creativity and conservatism. However, as these studies were mostly conducted on samples of homogeneous nationality, the generalizability of the effect across different cultures is unknown. We addressed this gap by conducting a study in 28 countries. Based on the notion that attitudes can be shaped by both environmental and ecological factors, we hypothesized that parasite stress can also affect creativity and thus, its potential effects should be controlled for. The results of multilevel analyses showed that, as expected, conservatism was a significant predictor of lower creativity, adjusting for economic status, age, sex, education level, subjective susceptibility to disease, and country-level parasite stress. In addition, most of the variability in creativity was due to individual rather than country-level variance. Our study provides evidence for a weak but significant negative link between conservatism and creativity at the individual level (β = −0.08, p \u3c.001) and no such effect when country-level conservatism was considered. We present our hypotheses considering previous findings on the behavioral immune system in humans
Exploring Attitudes Toward “Sugar Relationships” Across 87 Countries: A Global Perspective on Exchanges of Resources for Sex and Companionship
The current study investigates attitudes toward one form of sex for resources: the so-called sugar relationships, which often involve exchanges of resources for sex and/or companionship. The present study examined associations among attitudes toward sugar relationships and relevant variables (e.g., sex, sociosexuality, gender inequality, parasitic exposure) in 69,924 participants across 87 countries. Two self-report measures of Acceptance of Sugar Relationships (ASR) developed for younger companion providers (ASR-YWMS) and older resource providers (ASR-OMWS) were translated into 37 languages. We tested cross-sex and cross-linguistic construct equivalence, cross-cultural invariance in sex differences, and the importance of the hypothetical predictors of ASR. Both measures showed adequate psychometric properties in all languages (except the Persian version of ASR-YWMS). Results partially supported our hypotheses and were consistent with previous theoretical considerations and empirical evidence on human mating. For example, at the individual level, sociosexual orientation, traditional gender roles, and pathogen prevalence were significant predictors of both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS. At the country level, gender inequality and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. However, being a woman negatively predicted the ASR-OMWS, but positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. At country-level, ingroup favoritism and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-OMWS. Furthermore, significant cross-subregional differences were found in the openness to sugar relationships (both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS scores) across subregions. Finally, significant differences were found between ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS when compared in each subregion. The ASR-YWMS was significantly higher than the ASR-OMWS in all subregions, except for Northern Africa and Western Asia
Predictors of Enhancing Human Physical Attractiveness: Data from 93 Countries
People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending \u3e10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary perspectives
Reasons for facebook usage: Data from 46 countries
Seventy-nine percent of internet users use Facebook, and on average they access Facebook eight times a day (Greenwood et al., 2016). To put these numbers into perspective, according to Clement (2019), around 30% of the world\u2019s population uses this Online Social Network (OSN) site. Despite the constantly growing body of academic research on Facebook (Chou et al., 2009; Back et al., 2010; Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010; McAndrew and Jeong, 2012; Wilson et al., 2012; Krasnova et al., 2017), there remains limited research regarding the motivation behind Facebook use across different cultures. Our main goal was to collect data from a large cross-cultural sample of Facebook users to examine the roles of sex, age, and, most importantly, cultural differences underlying Facebook use
Affective interpersonal touch in close relationships: a cross-cultural perspective
Interpersonal touch behavior differs across cultures, yet no study to date has systematically tested for cultural variation in affective touch, nor examined the factors that might account for this variability. Here, over 14,000 individuals from 45 countries were asked whether they embraced, stroked, kissed, or hugged their partner, friends, and youngest child during the week preceding the study. We then examined a range of hypothesized individual-level factors (sex, age, parasitic history, conservatism, religiosity, and preferred interpersonal distance) and cultural-level factors (regional temperature, parasite stress, regional conservatism, collectivism, and religiosity) in predicting these affective-touching behaviors. Our results indicate that affective touch was most prevalent in relationships with partners and children, and its diversity was relatively higher in warmer, less conservative, and religious countries, and among younger, female, and liberal people. This research allows for a broad and integrated view of the bases of cross-cultural variability in affective touch
Sex differences in mate preferences across 45 countries: A large-scale replication
Considerable research has examined human mate preferences across cultures, finding universal sex differences in preferences for attractiveness and resources as well as sources of systematic cultural variation. Two competing perspectives—an evolutionary psychological perspective and a biosocial role perspective—offer alternative explanations for these findings. However, the original data on which each perspective relies are decades old, and the literature is fraught with conflicting methods, analyses, results, and conclusions. Using a new 45-country sample (N = 14,399), we attempted to replicate classic studies and test both the evolutionary and biosocial role perspectives. Support for universal sex differences in preferences remains robust: Men, more than women, prefer attractive, young mates, and women, more than men, prefer older mates with financial prospects. Cross-culturally, both sexes have mates closer to their own ages as gender equality increases. Beyond age of partner, neither pathogen prevalence nor gender equality robustly predicted sex differences or preferences across countries
Resuloğlu Erken Tunç Çağı topluluğunda ağız ve diş sağlığı
Çene ve dişlerin incelenmesi, geçmiş toplumların beslenme, besin hazırlama teknikleri, yaşam biçimi ve kültürel pratikleri hakkında bilgiler içermesi nedeniyle önemlidir. Bu noktadan
hareketle çalışmada öncelikle Resuloğlu Erken Tunç Çağı (ETÇ III) topluluğunun ağız ve diş sağlığının genel özelliklerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Buna ek olarak, Resuloğlu
topluluğuna ilişkin ağız ve diş sağlığı bulguları Anadolu’da yaşamış diğer iskelet serileriyle
karşılaştırılarak, incelenen topluluğun beslenme pratikleri ve sağlık yapıları, dönemin koşulları da dikkate alınarak, aydınlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırmanın materyalini, Çorum ilinin Uğurludağ ilçesinde yer alan Resuloğlu mezarlık kazısında 2003–2007 yılları arasında gün ışığına çıkartılan iskeletlerin daimi dişleri, çeneleri ya da çene parçaları oluşturmaktadır.
Çalışma kapsamında 1229 daimi diş odontolojik ve stomatolojik açıdan incelenmiştir. Bu
dişlerin 1144 tanesi genç erişkin, erişkin ya da ileri yaşlardaki 80 bireye aittir. Geriye kalan 85
diş ise izole grubunda yer almaktadır. Dişler hem tek tek diş tipleri (I1, I2, C, P1, P2, M1, M2,
M3) açısından, hem diş grupları (kesiciler, kaninler, küçük ve büyük azılar) baz alınarak, hem
de üst ve alt çenelerin karşılaştırılması şeklinde incelenmiştir. Analizler diş çürüğü, diş taşı
(dental calculus), aşınma, apse, ölüm öncesi (ante-mortem) diş kaybı (AMTL), mine hipoplazisi (enamel hypoplasia) ve alveol kemik kaybı dikkate alınarak yapılmıştır. Resuloğlu iskelet topluluğunda ağız ve diş sağlığının göstergeleri olarak kabul edilen mine hipoplazisi yüzde 57,23, diş taşı yüzde 79,77, çürük (düzeltilmemiş) yüzde 3,74, apse yüzde 2,34, ölüm öncesi diş kaybı (AMTL) yüzde 2,87, alveol kemik kaybı ise yüzde 97,31 oranında tespit edilmiştir. Diğer eski Anadolu topluluklarıyla karşılaştırıldığında Resuloğlu iskelet topluluğunun diş çürüğü, apse ve ölüm öncesi diş kaybı değerleri açısından diğer iskelet serilerine benzediğini, buna karşılık diş taşı ve alveol kemik kaybı açısından onlardan daha yüksek değerlere sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Resuloğlu sakinlerinin ağız ve diş sağlığı açısından hem yoğun tarım hem de erken tarım toplumu özelliklerini birarada taşıdıkları söylenebilir
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