Hygienic status assessment of dish washing waters, utensils, hands and pieces of money from street food processing sites in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

During investigations on street food vendors’ materials, seventy samples of three types of dish washing water (E1, E2, E3), eighty-five pieces of money, eighty utensils were collected for microbiological assessment. Hands microbiological status of one hundred twenty-five consumers andseventy sellers were also assessed. The analysis revealed that 100% of E1 washing waters were very impure, while, 44.5% of second washing water (E2) were impure, 44.5% very impure and 11% acceptable. 45.45% of E3 washing water were acceptable, 27.27% impure and 27.27% very impure. The spoons and the dinner plates were sometimes contaminated with unacceptable levels (above 102) of different bacteria such as, coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus (P 0.05). Knives microbiological examination revealed presence of numerous bacteria (8.6 x 105 cfu/knife) such as coliforms, S. Aureus, Salmonella and Shigella. Pieces of money analysis revealed presence of coliforms and S. aureus. These data showing pathogen bacteria in food vending sites indicates hygiene monitoring failure

Profil de résistance des agents étiologiques des diarrhées isolés au Tchad

La résistance aux antibiotiques des entéropathogènes impliqués dans les maladies diarrhéiques est une préoccupation d’ampleur mondiale. C’est pourquoi la présente étude était entreprise en vue de tester la sensibilité de ces microorganismes aux antibiotiques couramment utilisés au Tchad. Les selles des patients ont été prélevées dans des flacons stériles et analysées selon les procédures standards de microbiologie dans le laboratoire de Bactériologie de l’Hôpital Général de Référence Nationale de N’Djamena (HGRN). L’isolement et l’identification des entéropathogènes dans les selles étaient réalisés, en utilisant les milieux Hektoen, EMB (éosine bleu de méthylène), TCBS (thiosulfate, citrate, bile, saccharose) (BioRad) et la galerie API® 20E et API® 20 NE (BioMérieux). L’antibiogramme a été effectué selon la méthode de Kirby Bauer en utilisant le milieu Mueller-Hinton. Le test antigénique était réalisé conformément aux instructions de Kaufmann-White. Au total, les selles de 1164 patients ont été analysées, desquelles 275 entéropathogènes étaient isolés, identifiés et testés aux antibiotiques. Parmi les souches d’entérobactéries étudiées, les Escherichia coli étaient résistants de 70% aux Bêta-lactamines. Les Vibrio cholerae O 1 en particulier ont exprimé un taux de résistance de 15,30% à l’ampicilline, 100% à l’amoxicilline + acide clavulanique et triméthoprime/cotrimoxazole, 98,90% à l’acide nalidixique et 12,56% à la ceftriaxone. Ces résultats attestent de la circulation des entéropathogènes résistants aux antibiotiques usuels au Tchad.Mots clés : Diarrhée, entéropathogène, antibiotique, résistance, HGRN, Tchad

The growth effects of education in Australia

In this article, we estimate the growth effect of human capital with country-specific time series data for Australia. In doing so, we extended the Solow (1956) growth model by using educational attainment as a measure of human capital developed by Barro and Lee (2010). The extended Solow (1956) model performs well after allowing for the presence of structural changes. Our results, based on alternative time series methods, show that educational attainment has a small and significant permanent effect on the growth rate of per worker output in Australia

Explaining productivity in a poor productivity region

© 2017, © The Author(s) 2017. Productivity is the preferred measure of firm-level efficiency and perceived to reflect resource use rates. Semi-structured interviews with restaurant managers in a tourism-dominated low productivity rural area reveal that they are motivated to supply products that they believe in and to sustain a quality of life that meets their needs rather than striving to achieve higher productivity. Pricing strategies, managerial objectives and local market characteristics are found to radically influence the area’s productivity value. An area’s productivity value might not be an indicator of resource use rates or productive efficiency, and could instead reflect resident managers’ motivations towards money and the presence of opportunities to achieve scale economies

Genes Suggest Ancestral Colour Polymorphisms Are Shared across Morphologically Cryptic Species in Arctic Bumblebees

email Suzanne orcd idCopyright: © 2015 Williams et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Transcriptomic Analysis of the Salivary Glands of an Invasive Whitefly

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Some species of the whitefly <em>Bemisia tabaci</em> complex cause tremendous losses to crops worldwide through feeding directly and virus transmission indirectly. The primary salivary glands of whiteflies are critical for their feeding and virus transmission. However, partly due to their tiny size, research on whitefly salivary glands is limited and our knowledge on these glands is scarce.</p> <h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>We sequenced the transcriptome of the primary salivary glands of the Mediterranean species of <em>B. tabaci</em> complex using an effective cDNA amplification method in combination with short read sequencing (Illumina). In a single run, we obtained 13,615 unigenes. The quantity of the unigenes obtained from the salivary glands of the whitefly is at least four folds of the salivary gland genes from other plant-sucking insects. To reveal the functions of the primary glands, sequence similarity search and comparisons with the whole transcriptome of the whitefly were performed. The results demonstrated that the genes related to metabolism and transport were significantly enriched in the primary salivary glands. Furthermore, we found that a number of highly expressed genes in the salivary glands might be involved in secretory protein processing, secretion and virus transmission. To identify potential proteins of whitefly saliva, the translated unigenes were put into secretory protein prediction. Finally, 295 genes were predicted to encode secretory proteins and some of them might play important roles in whitefly feeding.</p> <h3>Conclusions/Significance:</h3><p>The combined method of cDNA amplification, Illumina sequencing and <em>de novo</em> assembly is suitable for transcriptomic analysis of tiny organs in insects. Through analysis of the transcriptome, genomic features of the primary salivary glands were dissected and biologically important proteins, especially secreted proteins, were predicted. Our findings provide substantial sequence information for the primary salivary glands of whiteflies and will be the basis for future studies on whitefly-plant interactions and virus transmission.</p> </div