email Suzanne orcd idCopyright: © 2015 Williams et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

A Bertsch

A Cardoso

A Estoup

A Løken

A Papadopoulou

A Pekkarinen

AJ Drummond

Alexandr M. Byvaltsev

AS Skorikov

B Pittioni

B Tkalcu

BC Schlick-Steiner

BG Svensson

Björn Cederberg

CD Michener

Claus Rasmussen

Cory S. Sheffield

D Baum

DR Maddison

DV Panfilov

E Krüger

EO Wilson

F Leliaert

Frode Ødegaard

G Talavera

GF Barrowclough

H Friese

H Pringle

H Song

HE Milliron

HM Hines

IC Barro

J Brigham-Grette

J Mallet

J Pons

J-J Zhang

J-X Huang

JC Carolan

Jiaxing Huang

JO Gjershaug

JP Huelsenbeck

JP Strange

K de Queiroz

K Tamura

KJ Gaston

KN Magnacca

KW Richards

KW von Dalla Torre

Leif L. Richardson

M Terzo

MA Duennes

Mikhail V. Berezin

MK Fujita

MP Cristiano

MR Kronforst

MT Monaghan

NM Reid

O Radoszkowski

O Vogt

OW Richards

P Pamilo

P Rasmont

Paul H. Williams

PDN Hebert

PH Williams

R Neumeyer

R Rougerie

RC Plowright

RM Zink

S Ratnasingham

SA Cameron

SA Elias

ST Williams

Suzanne T. Williams

SV Edwards

T De Meulemeester

T Fujisawa

T Lecocq

PLoS ONE

English

PubMed

Our grasp of biodiversity is fine-tuned through the process of revisionary taxonomy. If species
do exist in nature and can be discovered with available techniques, then we expect
these revisions to converge on broadly shared interpretations of species. But for the primarily
arctic bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus of the genus Bombus, revisions by
some of the most experienced specialists are unusual for bumblebees in that they have all
reached different conclusions on the number of species present. Recent revisions based on
skeletal morphology have concluded that there are from four to six species,while variation
in colour pattern of the hair raised questions as to whether at least seven species might be
present. Even more species are supported if we accept the recent move away from viewing
species as morphotypes to viewing them instead as evolutionarily independent lineages
(EILs) using data from genes. EILs are recognised here in practice from the gene coalescents
that provide direct evidence for their evolutionary independence. We show from fitting
both general mixed Yule/coalescent (GMYC) models and Poisson-tree-process (PTP) models
to data for the mitochondrial COI gene that there is support for nine species in the subgenus
Alpinobombus. Examination of the more slowly evolving nuclear PEPCK gene shows
further support for a previously unrecognised taxon as a new species in northwestern North
America. The three pairs of the most morphologically similar sister species are separated
allopatrically and prevented from interbreeding by oceans. We also find that most of the
species show multiple shared colour patterns, giving the appearance of mimicry among
parts of the different species. However, reconstructing ancestral colour-pattern states shows that speciation is likely to have cut across widespread ancestral polymorphisms,
without or largely without convergence. In the particular case of Alpinobombus, morphological,
colour-pattern, and genetic groups show little agreement, which may help to explain the
lack of agreement among previous taxonomic revisions

Williams, Paul H.

Byvaltsev, Alexandr M.

Cederberg, Björn

Berezin, Mikhail V.

Ødegaard, Frode

Rasmussen, Claus Nygaard

Richardson, Leif L.

Huang, Jiaxing

Sheffield, Cory S.

Williams, Suzanne T.

NINA Brage

Genes suggest ancestral colour polymorphisms are shared across morphologically cryptic species in Arctic Bumblebees

email Suzanne orcd idCopyright: © 2015 Williams et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.NHM Repositor

Williams, PH

Byvaltsev, AM

Cederberg, B

Berezin, MV

Odegaard, F

Rasmussen, C

Richardson, LL

Huang, J

Sheffield, CS

Williams, ST

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https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2373901/%25C3%2598degaard%2bGenes%2bPlOSOne%2b2015.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y

Genes Suggest Ancestral Colour Polymorphisms Are Shared across Morphologically Cryptic Species in Arctic Bumblebees

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