Endurance-Type Exercise Increases Bulk and Individual Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates in Rats.

Physical activity increases muscle protein synthesis rates. However, the impact of exercise on the coordinated up- and/or downregulation of individual protein synthesis rates in skeletal muscle tissue remains unclear. The authors assessed the impact of exercise on mixed muscle, myofibrillar, and mitochondrial protein synthesis rates as well as individual protein synthesis rates in vivo in rats. Adult Lewis rats either remained sedentary (n = 3) or had access to a running wheel (n = 3) for the last 2 weeks of a 3-week experimental period. Deuterated water was injected and subsequently administered in drinking water over the experimental period. Blood and soleus muscle were collected and used to assess bulk mixed muscle, myofibrillar, and mitochondrial protein synthesis rates using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and individual muscle protein synthesis rates using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (i.e., dynamic proteomic profiling). Wheel running resulted in greater myofibrillar (3.94 ± 0.26 vs. 3.03 ± 0.15%/day; p < .01) and mitochondrial (4.64 ± 0.24 vs. 3.97 ± 0.26%/day; p < .05), but not mixed muscle (2.64 ± 0.96 vs. 2.38 ± 0.62%/day; p = .71) protein synthesis rates, when compared with the sedentary condition. Exercise impacted the synthesis rates of 80 proteins, with the difference from the sedentary condition ranging between -64% and +420%. Significantly greater synthesis rates were detected for F1-ATP synthase, ATP synthase subunit alpha, hemoglobin, myosin light chain-6, and synaptopodin-2 (p < .05). The skeletal muscle protein adaptive response to endurance-type exercise involves upregulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis rates, but it is highly coordinated as reflected by the up- and downregulation of various individual proteins across different bulk subcellular protein fractions

Dietary feeding pattern does not modulate the loss of muscle mass or the decline in metabolic health during short-term bed rest

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the American Physiological Society via the DOI in this record.Short periods of bed rest lead to the loss of muscle mass and quality. It has been speculated that dietary feeding pattern may impact upon muscle protein synthesis rates and, therefore, modulate the loss of muscle mass and quality. We subjected 20 healthy men (age: 25±1 y, BMI: 23.8±0.8 kg·m-2) to one week of strict bed rest with intermittent (4 meals/day) or continuous (24 h/day) enteral tube feeding. Participants consumed deuterium oxide for 7 days prior to bed rest and throughout the 7-day bed rest period. Prior to and immediately after bed rest, lean body mass (DXA), quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA; CT), maximal oxygen uptake capacity (VO2peak), and whole-body insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp) were assessed. Muscle biopsies were collected 7 days prior to, 1 day prior to, and immediately after bed rest to assess muscle tracer incorporation. Bed rest resulted in 0.3±0.3 vs 0.7±0.4 kg lean tissue loss and a 1.1±0.6 vs 0.8±0.5% decline in quadriceps CSA in the intermittent vs continuous feeding group, respectively (both P0.05). Moreover, feeding pattern did not modulate the bed rest-induced decline in insulin sensitivity (-46±3% vs 39±3%; P0.05). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during bed rest did not differ between the intermittent and continuous feeding group (1.33±0.07 vs 1.50±0.13%·d−1, respectively; P>0.05). In conclusion, dietary feeding pattern does not modulate the loss of muscle mass or the decline in metabolic health during one week of bed rest in healthy men

Short-term muscle disuse induces a rapid and sustained decline in daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the American Physiological Society via the DOI in this recordIntroduction: Short-term muscle disuse has been reported to lower both post-absorptive and post-prandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. This study assessed the impact of disuse on daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates following acute (2 days) and more prolonged (7 days) muscle disuse under free living conditions. Methods: Thirteen healthy young men (age, 20±1 y; BMI, 23±1 kg·m-2) underwent 7 days of unilateral leg immobilization via a knee brace with the non-immobilized leg acting as a control. Four days prior to immobilization participants ingested 400 mL 70% deuterated water, with 50 mL doses consumed daily thereafter. Upper leg bilateral MRI scans and muscle biopsies were collected before, and after 2 and 7 days of immobilization to determine quadriceps volume and daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. Results: Immobilization reduced quadriceps volume in the immobilized leg by 1.7±0.3 and 6.7±0.6 % after 2 and 7 days, respectively, with no changes in the control leg. Over the one week immobilization period myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were 36±4% lower in the immobilized (0.81±0.04%·d-1) compared with the control (1.26±0.04%·d-1) leg (P<0.001). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in the control leg did not change over time (P=0.775), but in the immobilized leg were numerically lower during the 0-2 day period (16±6%, 1.11±0.09%·d-1, P=0.153) and were significantly lower during the 2-7 day period (44±5%, 0.70±0.06%·d-1, P<0.001) when compared with the control leg. Conclusion: One week of muscle disuse induces a rapid and sustained decline in daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in healthy young men.University of MaastrichtRoyal SocietyUniversity of ExeterNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR

Genotoxic agents promote the nuclear accumulation of annexin A2: role of annexin A2 in mitigating DNA damage

Annexin A2 is an abundant cellular protein that is mainly localized in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane, however a small population has been found in the nucleus, suggesting a nuclear function for the protein. Annexin A2 possesses a nuclear export sequence (NES) and inhibition of the NES is sufficient to cause nuclear accumulation. Here we show that annexin A2 accumulates in the nucleus in response to genotoxic agents including gamma-radiation, UV radiation, etoposide and chromium VI and that this event is mediated by the nuclear export sequence of annexin A2. Nuclear accumulation of annexin A2 is blocked by the antioxidant agent N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and stimulated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), suggesting that this is a reactive oxygen species dependent event. In response to genotoxic agents, cells depleted of annexin A2 show enhanced phospho-histone H2AX and p53 levels, increased numbers of p53-binding protein 1 nuclear foci and increased levels of nuclear 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanine, suggesting that annexin A2 plays a role in protecting DNA from damage. This is the first report showing the nuclear translocation of annexin A2 in response to genotoxic agents and its role in mitigating DNA damage.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); European Union [PCOFUND-GA-2009-246542]; Foundation for Science and Technology of Portugal; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute; Terry Fox Foundationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Predicting participation of people with impaired vision in epidemiological studies

The characteristics of the target group and the design of an epidemiologic study, in particular the recruiting methods, can influence participation. People with vision impairment have unique characteristics because those invited are often elderly and totally or partially dependent on help to complete daily activities such as travelling to study sites. Therefore, participation of people with impaired vision in studies is less predictable than predicting participation for the general population.This study was supported by FCT (COMPETE/QREN) grant reference PTDC/DPT-EPI/0412/2012 in the context of the Prevalence and Costs of Visual Impairment in Portugal: a hospital based study (PCVIP-study). PLR is funded by FCT (COMPETE/QREN) grant reference SFRH/BD/119420/2016

Well being of obstetric patients on minimal blood transfusions (WOMB trial)

Background: Primary postpartum haemorrhage is an obstetrical emergency often causing acute anaemia that may require immediate red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. This anaemia results in symptoms such as fatigue, whic

Association between physical activity and metabolic syndrome: a cross sectional survey in adolescents in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The emerging epidemic of overweight/obesity in adolescents in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam underlines the importance of studying the metabolic syndrome in Vietnamese adolescents who are becoming progressively more inactive. No study in Vietnam has examined the association of metabolic syndrome with moderate to vigorous physical activity (PA) levels among adolescents. We aimed to examine this association in a sample of urban adolescents from Ho Chi Minh City.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A cross-sectional assessment was conducted in 2007 on a representative sample of 693 high-school students from urban districts in Ho Chi Minh City. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria and physical activity was measured with Actigraph accelerometers. The association between physical activity and metabolic syndrome was assessed by using multiple logistic regression models.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Overall 4.6% of the adolescents and 11.8% of the overweight/obese adolescents had metabolic syndrome. Elevated BP was the most common individual component of the metabolic syndrome (21.5%), followed by hypertriglyceridemia (11.1%). After adjusting for other study factors, the odds of metabolic syndrome among youth in the lowest physical activity group (<43 minutes of physical activity/day) were five times higher than those in the highest physical activity group (>103 minutes/day) (AOR = 5.3, 95% CI: 1.5, 19.1). Metabolic syndrome was also positively associated with socioeconomic status (AOR = 9.4, 95% CI: 2.1, 42.4).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A more physically active lifestyle appears to be associated with a lower odds of metabolic syndrome in Vietnamese adolescents. Socio-economic status should be taken into account when planning interventions to prevent adolescent metabolic syndrome.</p

Exercise therapy in Type 2 diabetes

Structured exercise is considered an important cornerstone to achieve good glycemic control and improve cardiovascular risk profile in Type 2 diabetes. Current clinical guidelines acknowledge the therapeutic strength of exercise intervention. This paper reviews the wide pathophysiological problems associated with Type 2 diabetes and discusses the benefits of exercise therapy on phenotype characteristics, glycemic control and cardiovascular risk profile in Type 2 diabetes patients. Based on the currently available literature, it is concluded that Type 2 diabetes patients should be stimulated to participate in specifically designed exercise intervention programs. More attention should be paid to cardiovascular and musculoskeletal deconditioning as well as motivational factors to improve long-term treatment adherence and clinical efficacy. More clinical research is warranted to establish the efficacy of exercise intervention in a more differentiated approach for Type 2 diabetes subpopulations within different stages of the disease and various levels of co-morbidity