Schooling and children with hearing impairment and deafness

A história da educação para surdos no Brasil iniciou-se em 1857 com o Imperial Instituto de Surdos-Mudos e a chegada de Hernest Huet, ex-diretor do Instituto de Surdos em Paris. Huet influenciou o desenvolvimento da Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras) ao introduzir uma metodologia baseada em sua experiência na França. Apenas na década de 1970, a língua de sinais foi efetivamente ensinada, junto com o método oral. A filosofia bilíngue ganhou destaque, recomendando que a Libras seja a primeira língua e o português, a segunda. Em 2015, a Comissão de Defesa dos Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência Auditiva apresentou o projeto de Lei 1.361/15 para garantir direitos aos deficientes auditivos unilaterais, retomando destaque em 2022. A Lei de Libras (10.436/2002) garante direitos, mas a pesquisa destaca a necessidade de implementar efetivamente o ensino em Libras e promover mudanças sociais para uma inclusão plena. Apesar de avanços, persiste um longo caminho para garantir a educação bilíngue e transformações na interação e participação da comunidade surda. Esta pesquisa empregou a metodologia de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, centrada em uma análise sócio-histórica. Conclui-se que, apesar dos avanços significativos alcançados na melhoria da qualidade de vida e na construção de um sistema educacional para pessoas surdas ou com deficiência auditiva, persiste um extenso caminho a ser percorrido. Isso se evidencia na urgência de uma implementação mais efetiva do ensino em Língua Brasileira de Sinais (LIBRAS) e na integração dessa língua no quotidiano dos brasileiros.The history of education for the deaf in Brazil began in 1857 with the Imperial Institute for Deaf-Mutes and the arrival of Hernest Huet, former director of the Institute for the Deaf in Paris. Huet influenced the development of Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) by introducing a methodology based on his experience in France. It was only in the 1970s that sign language was effectively taught, along with the oral method. The bilingual philosophy gained prominence, recommending that Libras be the first language and Portuguese the second. In 2015, the Commission for the Defense of the Rights of People with Hearing Impairments presented bill 1,361/15 to guarantee unilateral rights for hearing impaired people, resuming prominence in 2022. The Libras Law (10,436/2002) guarantees rights, but research highlights the need to effectively implement teaching in Libras and promote social changes for full inclusion. Despite advances, there remains a long way to go to guarantee bilingual education and transformations in the interaction and participation of the deaf community. This research used bibliographic and documentary research methodology, centered on a socio-historical analysis. It is concluded that, despite the significant advances made in improving the quality of life and building an educational system for people who are deaf or hard of hearing, there is still a long way to go. This is evident in the urgency of more effective implementation of teaching in Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) and the integration of this language into the daily lives of Brazilians

Survival and quality of life of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer at 1-year follow-up of tumor resection

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the survival and life quality evolution of patients subjected to surgical excision of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-seven patients treated at a Brazilian healthcare unit specialized in head and neck surgery between 2006 and 2007 were enrolled in the study. The gathering of data comprised reviewing hospital files and applying the University of Washington Quality of Life (UW-QOL) questionnaire previously and 1 year after the surgery. Comparative analysis used Poisson regression to assess factors associated with survival and a paired t-test to compare preoperative and 1-year postoperative QOL ratings. RESULTS: 1 year after surgery, 7 patients were not found (dropout of the cohort); 15 had died and 25 fulfilled the UW-QOL again. The risk of death was associated with having regional metastasis previously to surgery (relative risk=2.18; 95% confidence interval=1.09-5.17) and tumor size T3 or T4 (RR=2.30; 95%CI=1.05-5.04). Survivors presented significantly (p<0.05) poorer overall and domain-specific ratings of quality of life. Chewing presented the largest reduction: from 74.0 before surgery to 34.0 one year later. Anxiety was the only domain whose average rating increased (from 36.0 to 70.7). CONCLUSIONS: The prospective assessment of survival and quality of life may contribute to anticipate interventions aimed at reducing the incidence of functional limitations in patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer.(FAPESP) São Paulo Research Foundation(CNPq) Brazilian Council for the Scientific and Technological Developmen

Relationship between methods of training load quantification based on perception of effort and heart rate in young futsal players

The aims of this study were to verify the association between the methods of training load quantification session-RPE and training impulse -proposed by Lucia (LuciaTRIMP) -and to describe the training intensity distribution in under-18 semi-professional futsal. Fifteen male players (mean and SD; age: 17 ± 1 years; body mass: 70.4 ± 6.5 kg; height: 175 ± 4 cm and BMI 23 ± 2 kg.m²) performed an incremental treadmill test to determine the ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Only eight athletes had their training loads quantified by means of session-RPE and Lucia methods over a total of 78 training sessions before the main competition of the season. High to almost perfect correlations (r = 0.64 - 0.91) were found between session-RPE and LuciaTRIMP methods. The distribution of the training intensity was, respectively, 76, 18 e 6% of training duration below VT (zone 1), between VT and RCP (zone 2), and above RCP (zone 3). The session-RPE method was highly associated with an objective method of training load quantification. Furthermore, the training sessions of a semi-professional under-18 futsal team showed a decreasing training intensity distribution.Os objetivos do estudo foram verificar a associação entre os métodos de quantificação da carga de treinamento, PSE da sessão e impulso de treinamento proposto por Lucía (LuciaTRIMP) e descrever a distribuição da intensidade de treinamento no futsal semiprofissional da categoria sub 18. Quinze jogadores (média e DP; idade: 17 ± 1 ano; massa corporal: 70,4 ± 6,5 kg; estatura: 175 ± 4 cm e IMC 23 ± 2 kg.m-2) foram submetidos a um teste de corrida incremental para determinar o limiar ventilatório (LVmax), o ponto de compensação respiratória (PCR) e o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max). Apenas oito atletas foram monitorados por meio dos métodos PSE da sessão e LuciaTRIMP durante 78 sessões de treinamento antes da principal competição da temporada. Foram encontradas correlações individuais de magnitudes alta a quase perfeita (r = 0,64 - 0,91) entre os métodos PSE da sessão e LuciaTRIMP. O padrão de distribuição da intensidade de treinamento foi 76, 18 e 6% do tempo abaixo do LV (zona 1), entre LV e PCR (zona 2) e acima do PCR (zona 3), respectivamente. O método PSE da sessão se mostrou altamente relacionado com um método objetivo de quantificação da carga de treinamento. Além disso, as sessões de treinamento de uma equipe de futsal semiprofissional da categoria sub 18 apresentaram um padrão decrescente de distribuição das intensidades de treinamento

Phylogenetic origin of primary and secondary metabolic pathway genes revealed by C. maxima and C. reticulata diagnostic SNPs

Modern cultivated Citrus species and varieties result from interspecific hybridization between four ancestral taxa. Among them, Citrus maxima and Citrus reticulata, closely associated with the pummelo and mandarin horticultural groups, respectively, were particularly important as the progenitors of sour and sweet oranges (Citrus aurantium and Citrus sinensis), grapefruits (Citrus paradisi), and hybrid types resulting from modern breeding programs (tangors, tangelos, and orangelos). The differentiation between the four ancestral taxa and the phylogenomic structure of modern varieties widely drive the phenotypic diversity's organization. In particular, strong phenotypic differences exist in the coloration and sweetness and represent important criteria for breeders. In this context, focusing on the genes of the sugar, carotenoid, and chlorophyll biosynthesis pathways, the aim of this work was to develop a set of diagnostic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to distinguish the ancestral haplotypes of C. maxima and C. reticulata and to provide information at the intraspecific diversity level (within C. reticulata or C. maxima). In silico analysis allowed the identification of 3,347 SNPs from selected genes. Among them, 1,024 were detected as potential differentiation markers between C. reticulata and C. maxima. A total of 115 SNPs were successfully developed using a competitive PCR technology. Their transferability among all Citrus species and the true citrus genera was very good, with only 0.87% of missing data. The ancestral alleles of the SNPs were identified, and we validated the usefulness of the developed markers for tracing the ancestral haplotype in large germplasm collections and sexually recombined progeny issued from the C. reticulata/C. maxima admixture gene pool. These markers will pave the way for targeted association studies based on ancestral haplotypes

Uso, cessação, fumo passivo e exposição a mídia do tabaco no Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 e 2019

Objective: To compare indicators of tobacco use, secondhand smoke, cessation and exposure to pro and anti-tobacco media in 2013 and 2019, and describe these indicators according to sociodemographic variables in 2019. Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from the National Health Survey. The indicators of use, secondhand smoke, cessation and exposure to tobacco-related media were evaluated. Prevalence and confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated for the total population in 2013 and 2019 and according to sociodemographic variables for 2019. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to assess differences in prevalence. &nbsp;Results: There was an improvement in most of the indicators studied; an increase in ex-smokers and a reduction in secondhand smoke and the attempt to quit smoking. All pro- and anti-tobacco media exposure indicators declined. When considering the prevalence according to sociodemographic characteristics in 2019, 43.8% (95%CI: 41.6;46.0) of men tried to quit smoking, and 50.8% (95%CI: 48.5;53.2) of women. Secondhand smoke at home was higher among women (10.2%; 95%CI: 9.7;10.8). Among those who thought about quitting smoking due to warnings, the proportion was higher among women (48.0%; 95%CI: 45.3;50.6). Tobacco use was higher among men (43.8% (95%CI: 41.6;46.0), in the population aged 40 to 59 years (14.9%; 95%CI: 14.2; 15.6), with a lower level of education (17.6%; 95%CI: 16.8;18.4). Conclusion: The study showed improvement in tobacco-related indicators between the years studied. It is noteworthy that this advance was smaller in relation to the other periods previously analyzed, and, therefore, greater investments in public policies to combat and control smoking in Brazil are necessary.Objetivo: Comparar indicadores de uso do tabaco, fumo passivo, cessação e exposição a mídia pró e antitabaco, em 2013 e 2019, e descrever esses indicadores segundo variáveis sociodemográficas em 2019. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Avaliou-se os indicadores de uso, fumo passivo, cessação e exposição a mídia relacionada ao tabaco. Estimou-se as prevalências e intervalos de confiança (IC95%) para população total em 2013 e 2019, e segundo variáveis sociodemográficas para 2019. Para avaliar diferenças nas prevalências usou-se a Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: Houve melhoria dos indicadores de uso do tabaco; aumento de ex-fumantes e redução do fumo passivo e da tentativa de parar de fumar. Todos os indicadores de exposição a mídia pró e contra o tabaco diminuíram. &nbsp;Ao considerar as prevalências segundo características sociodemográficas em 2019, 43,8% (IC95%: 41,6;46,0) dos homens tentaram parar de fumar e 50,8% (IC95%: 48,5;53,2) das mulheres. O fumo passivo no domicilio foi maior nas mulheres (10,2%; IC95%: 9,7;10,8). Entre os que pensaram em parar de fumar devido as advertências, a proporção foi maior nas mulheres (48,0%; IC95%: 45,3;50,6). O uso do tabaco foi mais elevado nos homens (43,8%; IC95%: 41,6;46,0), na população de 40 a 59 anos (14,9%; IC95%: 14,2;15,6) e com menor nível de instrução (17,6%; IC95%: 16,8;18,4). Conclusão: O estudo mostrou melhoria dos indicadores relacionados ao tabaco entre os anos estudados. Ressalta-se, que esse avanço foi menor em relação a outros períodos analisados previamente, e, portanto, torna-se necessário maiores investimentos em políticas públicas de enfrentamento e controle do tabagismo no Brasil

Um panorama atual sobre a filogenia de Metazoa: conflitos e concordâncias

Metazoa is the grouping that brings together all the animals, a target that has been the subject of fervent debate for decades. The roots of understanding about their phylogenetic relationships arose through observations of morphological characteristics, which nurtured from the perspective of common ancestry became the basis for the first systematizations. New positions were proposed from the advent of molecular techniques and data, but several problems remain unresolved. In this review we present changes in the positions of some of the most conflicting groups of Metazoa. We conclude by pointing out gaps and paths to be traveled in the near future with the objective of improving the scientific understanding of the evolutionary trajectory of animals and their characters. As relações evolutivas dentro de Metazoa são alvos de debates há décadas. As raízes da compreensão de seus relacionamentos filogenéticos surgiram através da análise de características morfológicas, seguidas de técnicas moleculares cada vez mais sofisticadas, como a filogenômica. Estudos provenientes de dados moleculares trouxeram grandes contribuições propondo novas hipóteses, mas neste momento ainda existem incertezas advindas de problemas de amostragem e técnicas moleculares, resultando em lacunas de conhecimento. No presente trabalho discutimos hipóteses da literatura sobre o posicionamento de alguns táxons chave na evolução dos animais, como Porifera, Ctenophora, Placozoa e Chaetognatha, além de discutir relações internas de grupos mais diversos, como Ecdysozoa, Spiralia e Deuterostomia. Por fim, discutimos suas implicações e consequências para o entendimento das relações entre os metazoários e suas trajetórias evolutivas