Governança e governamentalidade: relação e relevância de dois conceitos científico-sociais proeminentes na educação comparada

Contrapondo-se ao retrospecto da existência de uma relação volátil entre o Estado e "seu" sistema educacional, este trabalho enfoca dois conceitos que podem ser empregados como ferramentas de análise para estudar as transformações em curso. O termo "governança" está mais relacionado a aspectos técnicos: tratam-se de instrumentos e modos, procedimentos e atores, além de suas constelações e formas de cooperação. Ele concentra a pesquisa em questões como: quem oferece serviços educacionais, qual é a relação entre ensino público e privado etc. Ele também é extremamente útil na investigação da relação entre os diversos níveis de análise e provou-se particularmente importante para a compreensão teórica adequada do papel das organizações internacionais na formulação de políticas educacionais. A sociologia e a ciência política são duas disciplinas cuja associação se mostra mais notável na elaboração do conceito sob diversas perspectivas. "Governamentalidade", por sua vez, apesar de compartilhar muitas características com governança, é um termo foucautiano dedicado à geração de subjetividades distintas por meio de técnicas e modos de regulação e conduta em sentido lato. Assim, governamentalidade inclui investigações do nexo tipicamente foucautiano conhecimento/poder. Consideramos ambas as perspectivas em conjunto para discutir suas implicações para a educação comparada.Against the background of a changing relation between the state and "its" education system, the present contribution focuses on two concepts that can be used as analytical tools in order to analyze the current transformations. "Governance" is more concerned with technical issues: with instruments and modes, procedures and actors, with their constellations and forms of cooperation. It focuses research on questions such as: who provides educational services, what is the relation between public and private education etc. It is also very useful in investigating the relation between the various levels of analysis and has proven particularly useful for an adequate theoretical understanding of the role of international organizations in shaping educational policies. Sociology and political science are the two disciplines most prominently associated with elaborating the concept under various perspectives. Governmentality, on the other hand, although sharing many characteristics with governance, is a Foucauldian term concerned with the generation of different subjectivities through techniques and modes of ruling and guiding in an encompassing sense. Governmentality thus includes investigations of the typical Foucauldian knowledge/power nexus. Both perspectives are brought together to discuss the implications for comparative education

Marianne Pieper / Thomas Atzert / Serhat Karakayali / Vassilis Tsianos (Hrsg.): Empire und die biopolitische Wende. Die internationale Diskussion im Anschluss an Hardt und Negri. Frankfurt am Main/New York: Campus 2008 (310 S.) [Rezension]

Rezension von: Marianne Pieper / Thomas Atzert / Serhat Karakayali / Vassilis Tsianos (Hrsg.): Empire und die biopolitische Wende. Die internationale Diskussion im Anschluss an Hardt und Negri. Frankfurt am Main/New York: Campus 2008 (310 S.; ISBN 978-3-593-37541-0; 29,90 EUR)

Christel Adick (Hrsg.): Bildungsentwicklungen und Schulsysteme in Afrika, Asien, Lateinamerika und der Karibik, Münster, Waxmann, 2013 [Rezension]

Rezension von: Christel Adick (Hrsg.): Bildungsentwicklungen und Schulsysteme in Afrika, Asien, Lateinamerika und der Karibik, Münster, Waxmann, 2013 (320 S., ISBN 978-3-8309-2785-3; 24,90EUR

"Bildung" in der Spätmoderne - Zur Intersektion von Educational Governance und Gouvernementalität

Die Autorin sucht in ihrem Text den Überschneidungsbereich des auf Michel Foucault zurückgehenden Begriffs der Gouvernementalität mit der Forschung über Educational Governance fruchtbar zu machen, um in der vergleichenden erziehungswissenschaftlichen Forschung zu einem umfassenderen Verständnis des aktuellen Bildungswandels zu gelangen, das die Ebene der Subjekte mit einbezieht. Beide Theorieansätze haben seit einigen Jahren in der erziehungswissenschaftlichen Beschäftigung mit Folgen sozialer Umbrüche, die als Übergang von der Industrie- zur Wissensgesellschaft bzw. von der modernen zur post-/spätmodernen Gesellschaft verstanden werden können, im Erziehungssektor Konjunktur. Sie werden jedoch laut Autorin noch kaum explizit aufeinander bezogen. Der Text arbeitet zunächst Leerstellen und Anknüpfungspunkte heraus. Die Governance-Forschung betrachte Bildungswandel der Autorin zufolge primär auf der Systemebene und klammere Fragen der Neujustierung von Gesellschafts- und Subjektverhältnissen weitgehend aus. Komplementär konzentriere sich die machttheoretische Gouvernementalitätsforschung vorrangig auf die Problematik des Regierens und Techniken der Subjektivierung, lasse allerdings oft im Dunkeln, auf welchen Ebenen, mittels welcher Strategien, über welche Brechungen und Widersprüche sich gesellschaftliche Macht entfalte. Das Potenzial, das in der Verbindung beider Perspektiven begründet liegt, wird in einer Analyse des modernen Nexus von Staat, Erziehung und Subjekten und seiner Zäsuren im Übergang zu spätmodernen Erziehungs- und Bildungsverhältnissen deutlich gemacht. (DIPF/Orig.)Against the background of significant changes in the societal embeddedness of education and the ensuing discussion of developing adequate analytical tools for comparative studies, the present contribution explores the systematic relationship between two prominent concepts, governance and governmentality. The argument advanced claims that the full potential of both concepts can only be realized if the discussion does not neglect the macro level - including the transnational dimension – rather than focusing primarily on the meso level as is commonly the case in the German speaking debate on educational governance. (DIPF/Orig.

Henry A. Giroux: America on the Edge. Henry Giroux on Politics, Culture, and Education. New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2006 (280 S.) [Rezension]

Rezension von: Henry A. Giroux: America on the Edge. Henry Giroux on Politics, Culture, and Education. New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2006 (280 S.; ISBN 1-4039-7160-9; 24,95 USD)

Die Rolle öffentlicher Erziehung in Spaltungs- und Vereinheitlichungsprozessen der Bevölkerung. Das Beispiel des US-amerikanischen Urban Ghetto

Die Autorin fokussiert in ihrem Beitrag das Ghetto als Sozialraum und damit als Ort, an dem soziale Beziehungen gestaltet werden, um zu zeigen, wie sich - im historischen Prozess - symbolische Deutungen der Andersheit von Ghettobewohnern verändert haben. An solchen sozialen Unterscheidungsprozessen war und ist die Pädagogik, besonders auch die Schule stets aktiv beteiligt. Das Ghetto steht nunmehr als Beispiel für die komplexen Prozesse der "Verbesonderung", die auch und nicht zuletzt durch die fördernde Hinwendung zu den als "benachteiligt" klassifizierten Individuen Form annimmt. (DIPF/Orig.)Inclusionary and exclusionary societal practices may be considered in their material manifestations and with regards to the signifying processes involved. Both aspects are related to each other and education is deeply implicated in both of them, because education figures prominently in modern societies as the pre-condition of all further inclusions into the relevant systems and their organizations. The article takes the American Urban Ghetto as an important socio-spatial constellation, the physical presence of exclusionary processes and practices as well as of societal significations. In a chronological perspective, the changing significations and their relation to education are described, thus grasping the social dynamics at work. It is argued that in the course of the twentieth century socio-spatial exclusion became more rather than less severe and that the ghetto has evolved from a transition zone to a zone at the heart of (the inner city) and yet at the very interstices of inside and outside of society. (DIPF/Orig.

\u3ci\u3ePseudomonas syringae\u3c/i\u3e Hrp type III secretion system and effector proteins

Pseudomonas syringae is a member of an important group of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens of plants and animals that depend on a type III secretion system to inject virulence effector proteins into host cells. In P. syringae, hrpyhrc genes encode the Hrp (type III secretion) system, and avirulence (avr) and Hrpdependent outer protein (hop) genes encode effector proteins. The hrpyhrc genes of P. syringae pv syringae 61, P. syringae pv syringae B728a, and P. syringae pv tomato DC3000 are flanked by an exchangeable effector locus and a conserved effector locus in a tripartite mosaic Hrp pathogenicity island (Pai) that is linked to a tRNALeu gene found also in Pseudomonas aeruginosa but without linkage to Hrp system genes. Cosmid pHIR11 carries a portion of the strain 61 Hrp pathogenicity island that is sufficient to direct Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens to inject HopPsyA into tobacco cells, thereby eliciting a hypersensitive response normally triggered only by plant pathogens. Large deletions in strain DC3000 revealed that the conserved effector locus is essential for pathogenicity but the exchangeable effector locus has only a minor role in growth in tomato. P. syringae secretes HopPsyA and AvrPto in culture in a Hrp-dependent manner at pH and temperature conditions associated with pathogenesis. AvrPto is also secreted by Yersinia enterocolitica. The secretion of AvrPto depends on the first 15 codons, which are also sufficient to direct the secretion of an Npt reporter from Y. enterocolitica, indicating that a universal targeting signal is recognized by the type III secretion systems of both plant and animal pathogens

Preventing Smoking in Young People: A Systematic Review of the Impact of Access Interventions

Aims: To examine existing evidence on the effectiveness of interventions that are designed to prevent the illegal sale of tobacco to young people. The review considers specific sub-questions related to the factors that might influence effectiveness, any differential effects for different sub-populations of youth, and barriers and facilitators to implementation. Methods: A review of studies on the impact of interventions on young people under the age of 18 was conducted. It included interventions that were designed to prevent the illegal sale of tobacco to children and young people. The review was conducted in July 2007, and included 20 papers on access restriction studies. The quality of the papers was assessed and the relevant data was extracted. Results: The evidence obtained from the review indicates that access restriction interventions may produce significant reductions in the rate of illegal tobacco sales to youth. However, lack of enforcement and the ability of youth to acquire cigarettes from social sources may undermine the effectiveness of these interventions. Conclusions: When access interventions are applied in a comprehensive manner, they can affect young people's access to tobacco. However, further research is required to examine the effects of access restriction interventions on young people's smoking behaviour

Genomewide identification of \u3ci\u3ePseudomonas syringae\u3c/i\u3e pv.\u3ci\u3etomato\u3c/i\u3e DC3000 promoters controlled by the HrpL alternative sigma factor

The ability of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 to parasitize tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana depends on genes activated by the HrpL alternative sigma factor. To support various functional genomic analyses of DC3000, and specifically, to identify genes involved in pathogenesis, we developed a draft sequence of DC3000 and used an iterative process involving computational and gene expression techniques to identify virulence-implicated genes downstream of HrpLresponsive promoters. Hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) promoters are known to control genes encoding the Hrp (type III protein secretion) machinery and a few type III effector proteins in DC3000. This process involved (i) identification of 9 new virulenceimplicated genes in the Hrp regulon by miniTn5gus mutagenesis, (ii) development of a hidden Markov model (HMM) trained with known and transposon-identified Hrp promoter sequences, (iii) HMM identification of promoters upstream of 12 additional virulence-implicated genes, and (iv) microarray and RNA blot analyses of the HrpLdependent expression of a representative subset of these DC3000 genes. We found that the Hrp regulon encodes candidates for 4 additional type III secretion machinery accessory factors, homologs of the effector proteins HopPsyA, AvrPpiB1 (2 copies), AvrPpiC2, AvrPphD (2 copies), AvrPphE, AvrPphF, and AvrXv3, and genes associated with the production or metabolism of virulence factors unrelated to the Hrp type III secretion system, including syringomycin synthetase (SyrE), N-(indole-3-acetyl)-L-lysine synthetase (IaaL), and a subsidiary regulon controlling coronatine production. Additional candidate effector genes, hopPtoA2, hopPtoB2, and an avrRps4 homolog, were preceded by Hrp promoter-like sequences, but these had HMM expectation values of relatively low significance and were not detectably activated by HrpL