Towards timely diagnosis of symptomatic breast and cervical cancer in South Africa.

The global cancer burden is projected to increase by 50% by 2030 and, disturbingly, most of the increase will occur in LMICs.[1–4] Unique features of cancer in Africa are the disproportionately high burden of cancers in women (56%), the high proportion of infection-related cancers (30% of all cancers) and the late stage at which cancer is diagnosed (e.g. 46% of breast cancer in South Africa (SA) diagnosed at an advanced stage).[3–7] Cancer stage is a measure of cancer growth and spread, with stage at presentation being an important prognostic factor. Earlier stage at presentation, enabling more opportunities for curative treatment and improved outcomes, is thus an important goal in any comprehensive cancer care policy.SAMRC- is this the same, probably no

CCR2⁺CD103⁻ intestinal dendritic cells develop from DC-committed precursors and induce interleukin-17 production by T cells

The identification of intestinal macrophages (m phi s) and dendritic cells (DCs) is a matter of intense debate. Although CD103(+) mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) appear to be genuine DCs, the nature and origins of CD103(-) MPs remain controversial. We show here that intestinal CD103(-)CD11b(+) MPs can be separated clearly into DCs and m phi s based on phenotype, gene profile, and kinetics. CD64(-)CD103(-)CD11b(+) MPs are classical DCs, being derived from Flt3 ligand-dependent, DC-committed precursors, not Ly6C hi monocytes. Surprisingly, a significant proportion of these CD103(-)CD11b(+) DCs express CCR2 and there is a selective decrease in CD103(-)CD11b(+) DCs in mice lacking this chemokine receptor. CCR2(+)CD103(-) DCs are present in both the murine and human intestine, drive interleukin (IL)-17a production by Tcells in vitro, and show constitutive expression of IL-12/IL-23p40. These data highlight the heterogeneity of intestinal DCs and reveal a bona fide population of CCR2(+) DCs that is involved in priming mucosal T helper type 17 (Th17) responses

The influence of disease course and surgery on quality of life in children with focal cortical dysplasia and long-term epilepsy-associated tumours: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Carefully selected patients with lesional epilepsy, including focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and long-term epilepsy-associated tumours (LEAT), can benefit from epilepsy surgery. The influence of disease course and subsequent epilepsy surgery on quality of life (QoL) and intelligence quotient (IQ) is not well understood. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies reporting QoL or IQ measures in paediatric patients with FCD and LEAT at epilepsy onset, at establishment of drug resistance (pre-operative/non-surgically managed) and post-operatively were included. To evaluate the “effect size” and clinical significance of surgery, a meta-analysis of the data was conducted using fixed effects models for weighted mean differences, 95% confidence intervals and sensitivity analyses. Results: Nineteen eligible studies (911 patients) were included, 17 assessing IQ and 2 evaluating QoL. Twelve studies reported preoperative and postoperative IQ measures and five reported IQ in non-surgically managed cohorts after drug resistance was established; no papers reported IQ at epilepsy onset. No significant IQ/DQ changes were detected after surgery (pre-operative pooled mean 69.32; post-operative pooled mean 69.98; p = 0.32). Age at epilepsy surgery, type of surgery and epilepsy-related pathology did not influence the post-operative IQ. QoL was reported in 2 studies with the pooled mean estimates for pre- and post-operative QoL being 42.52 and 55.50, respectively. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated no statistical change in IQ and QoL following surgery in paediatric patients with FCD and LEAT. There was no data on IQ and QoL at disease onset. Attempting to understand the impact of epilepsy, ongoing seizures and surgery on IQ and QoL will facilitate planning of future studies that aim to optimise quality of life and developmental outcomes in these children. Studies assessing children at epilepsy onset with longitudinal follow-up are required to optimise the timing of epilepsy surgery on QoL and IQ

Increased gravitational force reveals the mechanical, resonant nature of physiological tremor

Human physiological hand tremor has a resonant component. Proof of this is that its frequency can be modified by adding mass. However, adding mass also increases the load which must be supported. The necessary force requires muscular contraction which will change motor output and is likely to increase limb stiffness. The increased stiffness will partly offset the effect of the increased mass and this can lead to the erroneous conclusion that factors other than resonance are involved in determining tremor frequency. Using a human centrifuge to increase head-to-foot gravitational field strength, we were able to control for the increased effort by increasing force without changing mass. This revealed that the peak frequency of human hand tremor is 99% predictable on the basis of a resonant mechanism. We ask what, if anything, the peak frequency of physiological tremor can reveal about the operation of the nervous system.This work was funded by a BBSRC Industry Interchange Award to J.P.R.S. and R.F.R. C.J.O. was funded by BBSRC grant BB/I00579X/1. C.A.V. was funded by A∗Midex (Aix-Marseille Initiative of Excellence

Hypotrophic roots of the upper central incisors – a proposed new dental discrete trait

This paper describes a newly de-fined nonmetric trait in the human dentition, i.e., Hypotrophic Roots of the Upper Central Incisors (HRUCI). Teeth presenting HRUCI are character-ized by abnormally short roots whose crowns exhibit no apparent morphological alterations. The trait was observed in six samples from collec-tive funerary sites in the Iberian Peninsula dated from the Late Neolithic to the Chalcolithic period

Backscattering of Acoustic Signals from Inhomogenuities in Solids

Examination of the backscattering of ultrasonic waves has been suggested as a possible technique for the non-destructive evaluation of materials because it involves a simple measurement requiring access to a single surface only and because the conversion of normally incident, longitudinal waves to shear waves is minimal at a scattering angle of 180°. While the measurement is simple to carry out, the return signal may be quite complicated, especially for polycrystalline or composite materials. These materials possess local inhomogeneities of differing sizes,orientation and elastic properties from which a plane wave may scatter, often more than once, and then the scattered waves from one or more sources may interfere among themselves. These difficulties are often compounded by coupling among the several modes of propagation associated with inhomogeneity and lead to a dispersion of the incident wave. Thus the backscattered signal represents the complex, three-dimensional, phase sensetive scattering from a material that mat not be well characterized. While there has been substantial effort and much progress in developing techniques for the reconstruction of characteristics of the medium from the scattering of an acoustic wave an accurate prediction of the scattering from inhomogeneous and anisotropic medium, such as a composite material, remains a difficult problem. Generally speaking, our lack of a detailed knowledge of the structure of the medium over distances large enough to support a significant dispersal of the wave makes the development of a reliable model of the medium a formidible task

Versatile method for template-free synthesis of single crystalline metal and metal alloy nanowires

© 2016 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Metal and metal alloy nanowires have applications ranging from spintronics to drug delivery, but high quality, high density single crystalline materials have been surprisingly difficult to fabricate. Here we report a versatile, template-free, self-assembly method for fabrication of single crystalline metal and metal alloy nanowires (Co, Ni, NiCo, CoFe, and NiFe) by reduction of metal nitride precursors formed in situ by reaction of metal salts with a nitrogen source. Thiol reduction of the metal nitrides to the metallic phase at 550-600 °C results in nanowire growth. In this process, sulfur acts as a uniaxial structure-directing agent, passivating the surface of the growing nanowires and preventing radial growth. The versatility of the method is demonstrated by achieving nanowire growth from gas-phase, solution-phase or a combination of gas- and solution-phase precursors. The fabrication method is suited to large-area CVD on a wide range of solid substrates