Effects of cholestyramine and lovastatin upon plasma lipids and egg yolk cholesterol levels of laying hens

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cholestyramine and lovastatin, lipid-lowering agents, upon egg quality, reproductive performance, plasma lipids and egg yolk cholesterol levels of Shaver laying hens. Twenty-six-weeks-old hens were fed basal diet without animal products containing 0.2% cholestyramine (COL1), 0.3% cholestyramine (COL2) or 0.005% lovastatin (LOV) for 6 weeks. It was observed that the supplementation of the drugs did not impair albumen and shell quality. Hen performance was not adversely affected, with the exception of the significant reduction (p < 0.05) in egg weights. No significant changes were observed on plasma lipids, and egg yolk cholesterol remained unchanged with the addition of the drugs.O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da colestiramina e da lovastatina, drogas hipolipemizantes, sobre a qualidade do ovo, desempenho das aves, teores de lípides plasmáticos e de colesterol na gema do ovo de galinhas poedeiras Shaver. Aves com 26 semanas de idade receberam como alimentação dieta formulada sem ingredientes de origem animal (COM) acrescida de colestiramina a 0,2% (COL1) e 0,3% (COL2) e lovastatina a 0,005% (LOV) durante 6 semanas. A adição das drogas não prejudicou a qualidade da casca e do albúmen dos ovos. De um modo geral, o desempenho produtivo das aves não foi afetado, com exceção da redução observada no peso médio dos ovos. Não foram observadas mudanças nos teores de lípides plasmáticos das aves e a concentração de colesterol na gema permaneceu inalterada mediante a adição das drogas

Efeito da adição de óleo de peixe à dieta sobre o desempenho e níveis de lípides plasmáticos e de colesterol no ovo de galinhas poedeiras

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do óleo de peixe sobre a qualidade do ovo, desempenho das aves, teores de lípides plasmáticos e de colesterol na gema do ovo de galinhas poedeiras. Aves com 89 semanas de idade receberam como alimentação ração acrescida de óleo de peixe bruto a 0,5%, 1%, 2%, 3% e 4% durante 5 semanas. A adição de 1% a 4% de óleo de peixe à dieta provocou redução no peso dos ovos, sem influenciar a conversão alimentar. A qualidade da casca e do albume não foi alterada pela suplementação de óleo de peixe à dieta. Não foram observadas alterações nas concentrações de triglicérides e de colesterol plasmáticos, e os teores de colesterol na gema do ovo não foram afetados pelo óleo de peixe.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of fish oil upon egg quality, production, plasma lipids and egg yolk cholesterol levels of laying hens. 89-week-old hens were fed diets containing 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% fish oil for 5 weeks. It was observed that the addition of 1% to 4% fish oil to the diet reduced egg weight, but did not affect feed conversion. Albumen and shell quality was not impaired by the supplementation of fish oil to the diet. No significant changes were observed on plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and egg yolk cholesterol content was not affected by the addition of fish oil

Molecular survey of Leishmania spp. in skin samples of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from different areas of Brazil

Leishmaniases comprise a spectrum of diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, with some species of rodents being incriminated as reservoirs. The capybara is the largest extant rodent species in the world and is widely distributed in South America. The occurrence of infection by Leishmania spp. was investigated in capybaras captured in Brazil during 2015–2019 from established populations in five highly anthropic areas of the state of São Paulo and two natural areas of the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul. A total of 186 individuals were captured and subjected to abdominal skin biopsy. All skin samples were Leishmania kDNA-negative, suggesting that capybaras have no role in the transmission cycles of Leishmania species in the studied areas despite the well-known role of other rodents in the life cycle of Leishmania spp. As leishmanioses compreendem um espectro de doenças causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania e algumas espécies de roedores são incriminadas como reservatórios de Leishmania spp. As capivaras compreendem a maior espécie de roedores existentes e são amplamente distribuídas na América do Sul. Para investigar a ocorrência de infecção por Leishmania spp. em capivaras, durante os anos de 2015-2019 capivaras foram capturadas em cinco áreas antrópicas do estado de São Paulo e em duas áreas naturais dos estados do Mato Grosso e do Mato Grosso do Sul, todos esses ambientes com populações de capivaras estabelecidas. Um total de 186 indivíduos foram capturados e submetidos à biópsia de pele abdominal. Todas as amostras de pele foram negativas para o alvo kDNA, assim, os dados sugerem que nas áreas estudadas as capivaras não têm papel no ciclo de transmissão de espécies de Leishmania spp., apesar do papel bem conhecido de outros roedores no ciclo de vida de Leishmania spp

Effects of high supplemental dietary copper on laying performance, egg yolk cholesterol and blood plasma lipids

This study was conducted to determine the effect of high supplemental dietary copper on laying performance, egg yolk cholesterol and blood plasma lipids. One hundred and sixty laying hens were placed in cages, and 8 birds were grouped per replicate, in a total of 5 treatments. Hens were fed a commercial diet supplemented as copper sulfate with 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg of copper/kg for a period of 6 weeks. Egg weight, egg production, feed intake and feed conversion were not significantly affected by the supplemental copper up to 400 ppm. At 600 and 800 mg/kg copper significantly reduced egg weight, egg production and feed intake. Egg shell quality, estimated as egg shell weight (g and % of egg weight) and egg shell thickness, was significantly decreased only at the higher supplemental copper level (800 ppm). Plasma concentrations of triglycerides and HDL cholesterol showed an inversion relationship when excess of supplemental dietary copper was fed. At the level of 800 ppm copper determined a significant reduction in plasma triglycerides (705 mg/dL) and a significant increase in plasma HDL cholesterol (9.7 mg/dL) as compared to the control group (1,643 and 4.5 mg/dL, respectively). Egg yolk cholesterol calculated on original or dry matter basis was significantly increased by feeding the higher level of supplemental copper (800 ppm) showing values of 14.83 and 27.70 mg/dL, respectively, as compared to the control group (12.35 and 23.08 mg/dL, respectively). The effect of high dietary level of copper on reduction of egg yolk cholesterol was not confirmed in this study. Further researches are recommended.No presente estudo, foi verificado o efeito da suplementação de elevados níveis de cobre alimentar sobre o desempenho de galinhas poedeiras, níveis de colesterol na gema do ovo e de lípides plasmáticos. Foram utilizadas 160 galinhas poedeiras comerciais, perfazendo 5 tratamentos com 4 repetições de 8 aves, alimentadas por 6 semanas com dieta comercial (controle) ou suplementada com sulfato de cobre de modo a fornecer 200, 400, 600 e 800 mg de cobre/kg de dieta. A suplementação de cobre em níveis de até 400 ppm não afetou significativamente o peso e a produção dos ovos, o consumo e a conversão alimentar, no entanto, quando em teores de 600 e 800 mg/kg, determinou redução significativa no peso dos ovos, postura e consumo de alimento. A qualidade da casca, avaliada em termos de peso (gramas e % do peso do ovo) e espessura da casca, foi significativamente reduzida apenas com 800 ppm na ração. As concentrações plasmáticas de triglicérides e de colesterol HDL mostraram comportamento inverso em relação ao excesso de cobre suplementar. Em nível de 800 ppm, o cobre determinou, de forma significativa, diminuição dos triglicérides (705 mg/dL) e aumento do colesterol HDL (9,7 mg/dL) sangüíneos em relação ao grupo controle (1.643 e 4,5 mg/dL, respectivamente). Quando administrado na concentração de 800 ppm, o cobre determinou aumento significativo dos valores de colesterol no ovo, tanto expressos em relação à gema original (14,83 mg/g) como à gema seca (27,70 mg/d) comparado ao controle (12,35 e 23,08 mg/g, respectivamente). O efeito de elevados níveis de cobre alimentar na redução do colesterol na gema do ovo não foi confirmado no presente estudo. Futuras pesquisas são recomendadas

C9orf72 poly GA RAN-translated protein plays a key role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis via aggregation and toxicity

An intronic GGGGCC (G4C2) hexanucleotide repeat expansion inC9orf72 is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (C9ALS/FTD). Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation of G4C2 RNA can result in five different dipeptide repeat proteins (DPR: poly GA, poly GP, poly GR, poly PA, and poly PR), which aggregate into neuronal cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions in affected patients, however their contribution to disease pathogenesis remains controversial. We show that among the DPR proteins, expression of poly GA in a cell culture model activates programmed cell death and TDP-43 cleavage in a dose-dependent manner. Dual expression of poly GA together with other DPRs revealed that poly GP and poly PA are sequestered by poly GA, whereas poly GR and poly PR are rarely co-localised with poly GA. Dual expression of poly GA and poly PA ameliorated poly GA toxicity by inhibiting poly GA aggregation both in vitro and in vivo in the chick embryonic spinal cord. Expression of alternative codon-derived DPRs in chick embryonic spinal cord confirmed in vitro data, revealing that each of the dipeptides caused toxicity, with poly GA being the most toxic. Further, in vivo expression of G4C2 repeats of varying length caused apoptotic cell death, but failed to generate DPRs. Together, these data demonstrate that C9-related toxicity can be mediated by either RNA or DPRs. Moreover, our findings provide evidence that poly GA is a key mediator of cytotoxicity and that cross-talk between DPR proteins likely modifies their pathogenic status in C9ALS/FTD

Advance Care Planning in Asia: A Systematic Narrative Review of Healthcare Professionals’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Experience

Objective: The value of advance care planning (ACP) for patients with life-limiting illnesses is widely recognized but Asian health care professionals' (HCPs') perspectives on ACP have received little systematic attention. We aim to synthesize evidence regarding Asian HCPs’ knowledge of, attitudes toward, and experiences with ACP. Design: Systematic review with narrative synthesis and stepwise thematic analysis. Setting and Participants: HCPs in southern, eastern, and southeastern Asia. Methods: Studies from inception to September 2019 were identified from English-language searches of Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar with reference-chaining and hand-searching. Two investigators independently screened and assessed the risk of bias in all original studies reporting HCPs’ knowledge of, attitudes toward, and experiences with ACP, including their perspectives toward barriers and facilitators of ACP. Results: Fifty-one studies were included; 42 were quantitative, 43 had been conducted in high-income countries, and 36 were of good quality. Twenty-six studies operationalized ACP as the completion of an advance directive rather than a value-exploration process. Thirteen studies reported knowledge, 44 attitudes, 29 experiences, and 36 barriers and facilitators of ACP. Asian HCPs addressed the essential role of families in ACP. They acknowledge the importance of ACP but rarely engage the patient in it. They considered ACP difficult to initiate, partly because of their lack of knowledge and skills in ACP, personal uneasiness to conduct ACP, fear of conflicts with family members and their legal consequences, and the lack of a standard system for ACP. Most studies indicated HCPs’ low engagement and late initiation of ACP. Conclusions and Implications: Despite acknowledging its importance, Asian HCPs felt that engaging in ACP is challenging. Capacity building for ACP in Asia should focus on culturally adapting ACP models concerning the essential role of the family in Asia, education for HCPs and the public, and providing institutional support for ACP

Interactome Analyses Identify Ties of PrPC and Its Mammalian Paralogs to Oligomannosidic N-Glycans and Endoplasmic Reticulum-Derived Chaperones

The physiological environment which hosts the conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) to disease-associated isoforms has remained enigmatic. A quantitative investigation of the PrPC interactome was conducted in a cell culture model permissive to prion replication. To facilitate recognition of relevant interactors, the study was extended to Doppel (Prnd) and Shadoo (Sprn), two mammalian PrPC paralogs. Interestingly, this work not only established a similar physiological environment for the three prion protein family members in neuroblastoma cells, but also suggested direct interactions amongst them. Furthermore, multiple interactions between PrPC and the neural cell adhesion molecule, the laminin receptor precursor, Na/K ATPases and protein disulfide isomerases (PDI) were confirmed, thereby reconciling previously separate findings. Subsequent validation experiments established that interactions of PrPC with PDIs may extend beyond the endoplasmic reticulum and may play a hitherto unrecognized role in the accumulation of PrPSc. A simple hypothesis is presented which accounts for the majority of interactions observed in uninfected cells and suggests that PrPC organizes its molecular environment on account of its ability to bind to adhesion molecules harboring immunoglobulin-like domains, which in turn recognize oligomannose-bearing membrane proteins

Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

BACKGROUND: The Millennium Declaration in 2000 brought special global attention to HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria through the formulation of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6. The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration. METHODS: To estimate incidence and mortality for HIV, we used the UNAIDS Spectrum model appropriately modified based on a systematic review of available studies of mortality with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). For concentrated epidemics, we calibrated Spectrum models to fit vital registration data corrected for misclassification of HIV deaths. In generalised epidemics, we minimised a loss function to select epidemic curves most consistent with prevalence data and demographic data for all-cause mortality. We analysed counterfactual scenarios for HIV to assess years of life saved through prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and ART. For tuberculosis, we analysed vital registration and verbal autopsy data to estimate mortality using cause of death ensemble modelling. We analysed data for corrected case-notifications, expert opinions on the case-detection rate, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality using Bayesian meta-regression to generate consistent trends in all parameters. We analysed malaria mortality and incidence using an updated cause of death database, a systematic analysis of verbal autopsy validation studies for malaria, and recent studies (2010-13) of incidence, drug resistance, and coverage of insecticide-treated bednets. FINDINGS: Globally in 2013, there were 1·8 million new HIV infections (95% uncertainty interval 1·7 million to 2·1 million), 29·2 million prevalent HIV cases (28·1 to 31·7), and 1·3 million HIV deaths (1·3 to 1·5). At the peak of the epidemic in 2005, HIV caused 1·7 million deaths (1·6 million to 1·9 million). Concentrated epidemics in Latin America and eastern Europe are substantially smaller than previously estimated. Through interventions including PMTCT and ART, 19·1 million life-years (16·6 million to 21·5 million) have been saved, 70·3% (65·4 to 76·1) in developing countries. From 2000 to 2011, the ratio of development assistance for health for HIV to years of life saved through intervention was US$4498 in developing countries. Including in HIV-positive individuals, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·5 million (7·4 million to 7·7 million), prevalence was 11·9 million (11·6 million to 12·2 million), and number of deaths was 1·4 million (1·3 million to 1·5 million) in 2013. In the same year and in only individuals who were HIV-negative, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·1 million (6·9 million to 7·3 million), prevalence was 11·2 million (10·8 million to 11·6 million), and number of deaths was 1·3 million (1·2 million to 1·4 million). Annualised rates of change (ARC) for incidence, prevalence, and death became negative after 2000. Tuberculosis in HIV-negative individuals disproportionately occurs in men and boys (versus women and girls); 64·0% of cases (63·6 to 64·3) and 64·7% of deaths (60·8 to 70·3). Globally, malaria cases and deaths grew rapidly from 1990 reaching a peak of 232 million cases (143 million to 387 million) in 2003 and 1·2 million deaths (1·1 million to 1·4 million) in 2004. Since 2004, child deaths from malaria in sub-Saharan Africa have decreased by 31·5% (15·7 to 44·1). Outside of Africa, malaria mortality has been steadily decreasing since 1990. INTERPRETATION: Our estimates of the number of people living with HIV are 18·7% smaller than UNAIDS's estimates in 2012. The number of people living with malaria is larger than estimated by WHO. The number of people living with HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria have all decreased since 2000. At the global level, upward trends for malaria and HIV deaths have been reversed and declines in tuberculosis deaths have accelerated. 101 countries (74 of which are developing) still have increasing HIV incidence. Substantial progress since the Millennium Declaration is an encouraging sign of the effect of global action. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation