The development of TH2 responses from infancy to 4 years of age and atopic sensitization in areas endemic for helminth infections

BACKGROUND: Helminth infections and allergies are associated with TH(2) responses. Whereas the development of TH(2) responses and allergic disorders in pediatric populations has been examined in affluent countries, no or little data exist from low income regions of the world. The aim of this study is to examine factors influencing the development of TH(2) responses of children born in areas endemic for helminth infections and to relate these factors to atopic sensitization at 4 years of age. METHODS: Data were collected from pregnant mothers on helminth infections, education and socioeconomic status (SES). Total IgE, IL-5 in response to mitogen, and helminth antigens were measured in children at 2, 5, 12, 24 and 48 months of age. Skin prick testing (SPT) and allergen-specific IgE were determined at 4 years of age. RESULTS: Strong TH(2) responses were seen at 5 months of age and increased with time. Although maternal filarial infection was associated with helminth-antigen specific TH(2) responses, it was low maternal education or SES but not helminth infection, which was associated with the development of high total IgE and PHA-induced IL-5. At 4 years of age when allergen reactivity was assessed by SPT, the high general TH(2) responses did not translate into higher prevalence of SPT. The risk factor for SPT reactivity was low maternal education which decreased the risk of SPT positivity to allergens (adjusted OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.12 – 0.87) independently of maternal filarial infection which tended to reduce the child’s risk for being SPT positive (adjusted OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.07 – 1.70). CONCLUSIONS: In areas endemic for helminths, potent TH(2) responses were seen early in life, but did not translate into a higher SPT reactivity to allergens. Therefore, in many parts of the world TH(2) responses in general and IgE in particular cannot be used for diagnosis of allergic diseases

Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel

[EN] Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to interpret changes in the Chl a fluorescence kinetics. Kalaji et al. (Photosynth Res 122: 121-158, 2014a) addressed several questions about instruments, methods and applications based on Chl a fluorescence. Here, additionalChl a fluorescence-related topics are discussed again in a question and answer format. Examples are the effect of connectivity on photochemical quenching, the correction of F-V/F-M values for PSI fluorescence, the energy partitioning concept, the interpretation of the complementary area, probing the donor side of PSII, the assignment of bands of 77 K fluorescence emission spectra to fluorescence emitters, the relationship between prompt and delayed fluorescence, potential problems when sampling tree canopies, the use of fluorescence parameters in QTL studies, the use of Chl a fluorescence in biosensor applications and the application of neural network approaches for the analysis of fluorescence measurements. The answers draw on knowledge fromdifferent Chl a fluorescence analysis domains, yielding in several cases new insights.Kalaji, H.; Schansker, G.; Brestic, M.; Bussotti, F.; Calatayud, A.; Ferroni, L.; Goltsev, V.... (2017). Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel. 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Huid infecties in niertransplantatie-patienten in relatie met zonlichtblootstelling

Dit rapport beschrijft een studie waarin werd nagegaan of blootstelling aan zonlicht van invloed is op het optreden van huidinfecties in een cohort niertransplantatie patienten. Dit deden wij, daar uit diverse met name experimentele studies bekend is dat blootstelling aan ultraviolette straling (UV) een immuunsuppressie en een verlaagde weerstand tegen diverse infecties kan veroorzaken. Wij verwachtten dat in deze groep patienten door de reeds aanwezige immuunsuppressie dergelijke effecten eerder aan het licht zullen treden. De 'life-time' cumulatieve blootstelling aan zonlicht werd retrospectief geschat op basis van zelf-gerapporteerde gegevens; seizoen van diagnose werd gezien als ruwe maat voor de blootstelling vlak voor of op het moment van het optreden van de infectie. In een multivariaat Poisson regressie model voor herhaalde waarnemingen werd gevonden dat Herpes Simplex-, Herpes Zoster- en schimmel/gist infecties het meest in het zonnige seizoen gevonden werden, terwijl er geen duidelijke samenhang bleek te zijn met de 'life-time' cumulatieve maat voor zonlicht blootstelling. De gevonden seizoenseffecten zouden samen kunnen hangen met het jaarritme in de UV belasting.We investigated whether exposure to solar UVR would influence the occurrence of skin infections in a cohort of renal transplant recipients. In various experimental studies, exposure to UVR was demonstrated to possibly cause immunosuppression and impaired resistance to infections. We expected that such effects could be demonstrated more easily in the patients who were already immunocompromised. The lifetime cumulative exposure to solar UVR was estimated on the basis of self-reported data: the season in which the diagnosis was made was regarded as providing a rough estimate of the exposure just prior to or at the time of infection. In a Multivariate Poisson Regression Model for repeated measurements, we found the highest incidence of Herpes Simplex, Herpes Zoster and fungal/yeast infections to be associated with the summer season. There was no consistent association found between the lifetime cumulative estimate of exposure and the infection. The seasonal fluctuation may be due to the circannual rhythm in ambient levels of UVR.Inspectie GW

Huid infecties in niertransplantatie-patienten in relatie met zonlichtblootstelling

We investigated whether exposure to solar UVR would influence the occurrence of skin infections in a cohort of renal transplant recipients. In various experimental studies, exposure to UVR was demonstrated to possibly cause immunosuppression and impaired resistance to infections. We expected that such effects could be demonstrated more easily in the patients who were already immunocompromised. The lifetime cumulative exposure to solar UVR was estimated on the basis of self-reported data: the season in which the diagnosis was made was regarded as providing a rough estimate of the exposure just prior to or at the time of infection. In a Multivariate Poisson Regression Model for repeated measurements, we found the highest incidence of Herpes Simplex, Herpes Zoster and fungal/yeast infections to be associated with the summer season. There was no consistent association found between the lifetime cumulative estimate of exposure and the infection. The seasonal fluctuation may be due to the circannual rhythm in ambient levels of UVR.Dit rapport beschrijft een studie waarin werd nagegaan of blootstelling aan zonlicht van invloed is op het optreden van huidinfecties in een cohort niertransplantatie patienten. Dit deden wij, daar uit diverse met name experimentele studies bekend is dat blootstelling aan ultraviolette straling (UV) een immuunsuppressie en een verlaagde weerstand tegen diverse infecties kan veroorzaken. Wij verwachtten dat in deze groep patienten door de reeds aanwezige immuunsuppressie dergelijke effecten eerder aan het licht zullen treden. De 'life-time' cumulatieve blootstelling aan zonlicht werd retrospectief geschat op basis van zelf-gerapporteerde gegevens; seizoen van diagnose werd gezien als ruwe maat voor de blootstelling vlak voor of op het moment van het optreden van de infectie. In een multivariaat Poisson regressie model voor herhaalde waarnemingen werd gevonden dat Herpes Simplex-, Herpes Zoster- en schimmel/gist infecties het meest in het zonnige seizoen gevonden werden, terwijl er geen duidelijke samenhang bleek te zijn met de 'life-time' cumulatieve maat voor zonlicht blootstelling. De gevonden seizoenseffecten zouden samen kunnen hangen met het jaarritme in de UV belasting

Contribution of general practitioners and sexual health centres to sexually transmitted infection consultations in five Dutch regions using laboratory data of Chlamydia trachomatis testing

Effective sexually transmitted infection (STI) control requires opportunities for appropriate testing, counselling and treatment. In the Netherlands, people may attend general practitioners (GPs) and sexual health centres (SHCs; also known as STI clinics) for STI consultations. We assessed the contribution of GPs and SHCs to STI consultations in five Dutch regions with different urbanization levels, using data of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) testing. Data (2011–2016) were retrieved from laboratories, aggregated by gender and age group (15–24 and 25–64 years). Results show that test rates and GP contribution varied widely between regions. GP contribution decreased over time in Amsterdam (60–48%), Twente (79–61%), Maastricht (60–50%) and Northeast-Netherlands (82–77%), but not in Rotterdam (65–67%). Decreases resulted from increases in SHC test rates and slight decreases in GP test rates. GPs performed more tests for women and those aged 25–64 years compared to SHCs (relative risks ranging from 1.49 to 4.76 and 1.58 to 7.43, respectively). The average yearly urogenital CT positivity rate was 9.2% at GPs and 10.7% at SHCs. Overall, GPs accounted for most STI consultations, yet SHC contribution increased. Continued focus on good quality STI care at GPs is essential, as increasing demands for care can not be entirely covered by SHCs

Contribution of general practitioners and sexual health centres to sexually transmitted infection consultations in five Dutch regions using laboratory data of Chlamydia trachomatis testing

Effective sexually transmitted infection (STI) control requires opportunities for appropriate testing, counselling and treatment. In the Netherlands, people may attend general practitioners (GPs) and sexual health centres (SHCs; also known as STI clinics) for STI consultations. We assessed the contribution of GPs and SHCs to STI consultations in five Dutch regions with different urbanization levels, using data of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) testing. Data (2011–2016) were retrieved from laboratories, aggregated by gender and age group (15–24 and 25–64 years). Results show that test rates and GP contribution varied widely between regions. GP contribution decreased over time in Amsterdam (60–48%), Twente (79–61%), Maastricht (60–50%) and Northeast-Netherlands (82–77%), but not in Rotterdam (65–67%). Decreases resulted from increases in SHC test rates and slight decreases in GP test rates. GPs performed more tests for women and those aged 25–64 years compared to SHCs (relative risks ranging from 1.49 to 4.76 and 1.58 to 7.43, respectively). The average yearly urogenital CT positivity rate was 9.2% at GPs and 10.7% at SHCs. Overall, GPs accounted for most STI consultations, yet SHC contribution increased. Continued focus on good quality STI care at GPs is essential, as increasing demands for care can not be entirely covered by SHCs