The Effectiveness of Using Cooperative Script Method to Teach Students' Speaking Ability at the Eighth Grade Student's of SMP Negeri 1 Buay Bahuga

The title of this study was the effectiveness of using cooperative script method to teach students speaking ability at the eighth grade students' of SMP Negeri 1 Buay Bahuga. The formulation problem of this study was “Is there any significant difference between the students who are taught by using Cooperative Script method and the students who are taught by using conventional method to teach speaking ability”. And the objective of the study was to find out whether or not significance between the students who are taught by using Cooperative Script method and the students who are taught by using conventional method to teach speaking ability at the eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Buay Bahuga in academic year 2015/2016. In this study was quantitative reseacrh, the writer used true experimental method and experimental design. Therefore, there were two groups those were control group who are taught using conventional method and experimental group who are taught using cooperative script, that was chosen by using cluster random sampling in collecting the data, the population of this study were 153 students and samples were 50 students. The data obtained from Independent ttest analysis by using SPSS 20, between the result of posttest in experimental group and control group. Based on the calculation by using Independent ttest in SPSS 20, the writer found that tobtained was higher than ttable (5.005 > 2.021) at the significant level α=0.05 in two tailed testing. It meant that there were any significant differences between experimental group and control group. So, the null hypotheses (Ho) was rejected and alternative hypotheses (Ha) was accepted. It can be concluded that cooperative script method was significantly effective in teaching speaking ability at the eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Buay Bahuga

Feeding and foraging ecology of Trindade petrels Pterodroma arminjoniana during the breeding period in the South Atlantic Ocean

Seabirds breeding in tropical environments experience high energetic demands, when foraging in an oligotrophic environment. The globally threatened Trindade petrel Pterodroma arminjoniana has its largest colony in Trindade Island (20°30′S–29°19′W) inside the oligotrophic South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre. Diet sampling methods, geolocator tracking and stable isotope analysis were used to describe its diet, compare foraging trips and distributions, and assess temporal variations in the trophic niche throughout the breeding period. Diet consisted mainly of squid and fish. The high species diversity and wide range of prey sizes consumed suggests the use of multiple foraging techniques. Stable isotope mixing models confirm that Trindade petrels rely mainly on squid throughout the breeding period. Its broad isotopic niche seems to reflect both a diverse diet and foraging range, since birds can reach up to 3335 km from the colony. Isotopic niche showed limited variation even in an 8-year interval, apparently due to oceanographic stability, although changes in the isotopic niche have demonstrated an adjustment to different conditions in different seasons. Petrels change foraging areas and prey during the breeding period: pre-incubating birds use more productive areas west of Trindade Island and obtain low trophic position prey; incubating petrels perform longer trips southward to consume prey of high trophic position; and chick-rearing petrels use areas around the island. These results demonstrate that to deal with high demand breeding in a colony surrounded by oligotrophic waters, Trindade petrels need to explore wide foraging areas and utilize a diverse diet, besides adjusting trophic niche according to breeding stage

Carlsberg Ridge and Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Comparison of slow spreading centre analogues

Eighty per cent of all mid-ocean spreading centres are slow. Using a mixture of global bathymetry data and ship-board multibeam echosounder data, we explore the morphology of global mid-ocean ridges and compare two slow spreading analogues: the Carlsberg Ridge in the north-west Indian Ocean between 57°E and 60°E, and the Kane to Atlantis super-segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 21°N and 31°N. At a global scale, mid-ocean spreading centres show an inverse correlation between segment length and spreading rate with segmentation frequency. Within this context, both the Mid-Atlantic Ridge super-segment and Carlsberg Ridge are similar: spreading at 22 and 26 mm/yr full rates respectively, being devoid of major transform faults, and being segmented by dextral, non-transform, second-order discontinuities. For these and other slow spreading ridges, we show that segmentation frequency varies inversely with flank height and ridge axis depth. Segments on both the Mid-Atlantic Ridge super-segment and Carlsberg Ridge range in aspect ratio (ridge flank height/axis width), depth and symmetry. Segments with high aspect ratios and deeper axial floors often have asymmetric rift flanks and are associated with indicators of lower degrees of melt flux. Segments with low aspect ratios have shallower axial floors, symmetric rift flanks, and evidence of robust melt supply. The relationship between segmentation, spreading rate, ridge depth and morphology, at both a global and local scale, is evidence that rates of melting of the underlying mantle and melt delivery to the crust play a significant role in determining the structure and morphology of slow spreading mid-ocean ridges

Age-related variation in non-breeding foraging behaviour and carry-over effects on fitness in an extremely long-lived bird

Senescence has been widely documented in wild vertebrate populations, yet the proximate drivers of age‐related declines in breeding success, including allocation trade‐offs and links with foraging performance, are poorly understood. For long‐lived, migratory species, the non‐breeding period represents a critical time for investment in self‐maintenance and restoration of body condition, which in many species is linked to fitness. However, the relationships between age, non‐breeding foraging behaviour and fitness remain largely unexplored. We performed a cross‐sectional study, investigating age‐related variation in the foraging activity, distribution and diet of an extremely long‐lived seabird, the wandering albatross Diomedea exulans, during the non‐breeding period. Eighty‐two adults aged 8–33 years were tracked with geolocator‐immersion loggers, and body feathers were sampled for stable isotope analysis. We tested for variation in metrics of foraging behaviour and linked age‐related trends to subsequent reproductive performance. There was an age‐related decline in the number of landings (a proxy of foraging effort) during daylight hours, and a decrease in body feather δ¹³C values in older males but not females, yet this did not accompany an age‐related shift in distributions. Males conducted fewer landings than females, and the sexes showed some spatial segregation, with males foraging further south, likely due to their differential utilization of winds. Although younger (<20 years) birds had higher foraging effort, they all went on to breed successfully the following season. In contrast, among older (20+ years) birds, individuals that landed more often were more likely to defer breeding or fail during incubation, suggesting they have lower foraging success. As far as we are aware, this is the first demonstration of an age‐specific carry‐over effect of foraging behaviour in the non‐breeding period on subsequent reproductive performance. This link between foraging behaviour and fitness in late but not early adulthood indicates that the ability of individuals to forage efficiently outside the breeding period may be an important driver of fitness differences in old age. A plain language summary is available for this article

Scattering by many small inhomogeneities and applications

Many-body quantum-mechanical scattering problem is solved asymptotically when the size of the scatterers (inhomogeneities) tends to zero and their number tends to infinity. A method is given for calculation of the number of small inhomogeneities per unit volume and their intensities such that embedding of these inhomogeneities in a bounded region results in creating a new system, described by a desired potential. The governing equation for this system is a non-relativistic Schr\"odinger equation described by a desired potential. Similar ideas were developed by the author for acoustic and electromagnetic (EM) wave scattering problems

Review of physical activity among Indigenous people

Physical activity is important for all Australians, particularly in the prevention, management and treatment of chronic conditions, and for social and emotional wellbeing. Chronic health conditions, including cardiovascular conditions, endocrine conditions (such as diabetes), and certain cancers, account for 70% of the observed difference in the burden of disease between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. Modifiable risk factors, particularly behavioural determinants such as physical activity, can help to reduce the extent and impact of these conditions, and assist in the prevention, management and treatment of disease. The levels and impacts of physical inactivity are greater for Indigenous people than they are for other Australians. Physical inactivity has been cited as the second leading cause of disease burden in Australia, and the third leading cause of disease burden for Indigenous people

Endotoxin-activated microglia injure brain derived endothelial cells via NF-κB, JAK-STAT and JNK stress kinase pathways

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We previously showed that microglia damage blood brain barrier (BBB) components following ischemic brain insults, but the underlying mechanism(s) is/are not well known. Recent work has established the contribution of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation to several brain pathologies including ischemia, neurodegeneration and sepsis. The present study established the requirement of microglia for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mediated endothelial cell death, and explored pathways involved in this toxicity. LPS is a classic TLR4 agonist, and is used here to model aspects of brain conditions where TLR4 stimulation occurs.</p> <p>Methods/Results</p> <p>In monocultures, LPS induced death in microglia, but not brain derived endothelial cells (EC). However, LPS increased EC death when cocultured with microglia. LPS led to nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induction in microglia, but not in EC. Inhibiting microglial activation by blocking iNOS and other generators of NO or blocking reactive oxygen species (ROS) also prevented injury in these cocultures. To assess the signaling pathway(s) involved, inhibitors of several downstream TLR-4 activated pathways were studied. Inhibitors of NF-κB, JAK-STAT and JNK/SAPK decreased microglial activation and prevented cell death, although the effect of blocking JNK/SAPK was rather modest. Inhibitors of PI3K, ERK, and p38 MAPK had no effect.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We show that <it>LPS-activated microglia promote BBB disruption </it>through injury to endothelial cells, and the specific blockade of JAK-STAT, NF-κB may prove to be especially useful anti-inflammatory strategies to confer cerebrovascular protection.</p

Biodiversity conservation in Southeast Asian timber concessions: a critical evaluation of policy mechanisms and guidelines

Tropical deforestation is leading to a loss of economically productive timber concessions, as well as areas with important environmental or socio-cultural values. To counteract this threat in Southeast Asia, sustainable forest management (SFM) practices are becoming increasingly important. We assess the tools and guidelines that have been developed to promote SFM and the progress that has been made in Southeast Asia toward better logging practices. We specifically focus on practices relevant to biodiversity issues. Various regional or national mechanisms now inform governments and the timber industry about methods to reduce the impact of production forestry on wildlife and the forest environment. However, so many guidelines have been produced that it has become difficult to judge which ones are most relevant. In addition, most guidelines are phrased in general terms and lack specific recommendations targeted to local conditions. These might be reasons for the generally slow adoption of SFM practices in the region, with only a few countries having incorporated the guidelines into national legislation. Malaysia, Indonesia, and Laos are among the frontrunners in this process. Overall there is progress, especially in the application of certification programs, the planning and management of high conservation value forests, the regulation and control of hunting, and silvicultural management. To reduce further forest loss, there is a need to accelerate the implementation of good forest management practices. We recommend specific roles for governments, the forestry industry, and nongovernmental organizations in further promoting the implementation of SFM practices for biodiversity conservation

Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Angka Kuman pada Peralatan Makan di Lapas Wanita Klas Iia Semarang

Prison is a place coaching and protege correctional prisoners in Indonesia. They have the same rights as other members of society to achieve the level of health, one of which is food. Therefore, food hygiene are concerned. Tableware plays an important role in the occurrence of food poisoning. According to data from the Directorate General of Communicable Disease Control, 30% of cases of poisoning caused by food or catering cutlery services that are not clean. Kepmenkes no.1908 2003 mentions the equipment in direct contact with food must not contain germs&gt; 100 colonies / cm2. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the number of bacteria on the cutlery in the female prison Semarang class IIA. Research conducted on 51 respondents with cross sectional approach. The research result shows the characteristics of respondents aged 26-35 is the most respondents with elementary and junior high education level and length of stay 1-5 years. Conclusion of the study is a factor that affects the amount of germs among other equipment washing technique (p = 0.002) and storage of cutlery (p = 0.000). Suggestion research is necessary to hold training equipment washing and improve tableware storage facilities