Temperature statistics above a deep-ocean sloping boundary

We present a detailed analysis of the temperature statistics in an oceanographic observational dataset. The data are collected using a moored array of thermistors, 100 m tall and starting 5 m above the bottom, deployed during four months above the slopes of a Seamount in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. Turbulence at this location is strongly affected by the semidiurnal tidal wave. Mean stratification is stable in the entire dataset. We compute structure functions, of order up to 10, of the distributions of temperature increments. Strong intermittency is observed, in particular, during the downslope phase of the tide, and farther from the solid bottom. In the lower half of the mooring during the upslope phase, the temperature statistics are consistent with those of a passive scalar. In the upper half of the mooring, the temperature statistics deviate from those of a passive scalar, and evidence of turbulent convective activity is found. The downslope phase is generally thought to be more shear-dominated, but our results suggest on the other hand that convective activity is present. High-order moments also show that the turbulence scaling behaviour breaks at a well-defined scale (of the order of the buoyancy length scale), which is however dependent on the flow state (tidal phase, height above the bottom). At larger scales, wave motions are dominant. We suggest that our results could provide an important reference for laboratory and numerical studies of mixing in geophysical flows.Comment: 22 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables. Accepted versio

Dansgaard-Oeschger events: tipping points in the climate system

Dansgaard-Oeschger events are a prominent mode of variability in the records of the last glacial cycle. Various prototype models have been proposed to explain these rapid climate fluctuations, and no agreement has emerged on which may be the more correct for describing the paleoclimatic signal. In this work, we assess the bimodality of the system reconstructing the topology of the multi--dimensional attractor over which the climate system evolves. We use high-resolution ice core isotope data to investigate the statistical properties of the climate fluctuations in the period before the onset of the abrupt change. We show that Dansgaard-Oeschger events have weak early warning signals if the ensemble of events is considered. We find that the statistics are consistent with the switches between two different climate equilibrium states in response to a changing external forcing (e.g. solar, ice sheets...), either forcing directly the transition or pacing it through stochastic resonance. These findings are most consistent with a model that associates Dansgaard-Oeschger with changing boundary conditions, and with the presence of a bifurcation point.Comment: Final typeset version freely available at: Clim. Past, 9, 323-333, 2013 www.clim-past.net/9/323/2013/ doi:10.5194/cp-9-323-201

Tracking Lagrangian transport in Lake Geneva: A 3D numerical modeling investigation

Lake Geneva, the largest freshwater lake in Western Europe, is subject to important environmental pressures from its densely populated shores and watershed. To maintain and improve water quality in this lake, as well as in other enclosed or semi‐enclosed basins, it is essential to understand and be able to predict how nutrients and pollutants are transported within it. A 3D numerical modeling study of Lagrangian transport in Lake Geneva is presented, showing the dispersion of water (based on tracking inert water particles) inflowing from the lake's main tributary, the Rhône River. The relation between dominant winds, circulation patterns, and transport was analyzed. The results demonstrated that transport within the lake is highly inhomogeneous in space and intermittent in time, because water mass movements are controlled by the wind‐induced formation of large‐scale gyres and their subsequent breakdown into smaller ones. Particle spreading was shown to be sensitive to the depth of the initial particle release, and to the mean depth of the particles’ trajectory. However, several preferential pathways could be identified. Some water particles rapidly (days) traveled across the entire lake, through the near‐shore region in the upper layer, while others remained trapped for months, particularly in the central region of the lake at depth. Deeper particles tended to remain longer in the lake, due to the insulating effect of stratification, bathymetry obstacles, and slower currents at greater depth

The mixed longitudinal–transverse nature of collective modes in water

We report high-resolution, high-statistics inelastic x-ray scattering measurements of the dynamic structure factor of water as a function of momentum and energy transfer in various thermodynamic conditions, including high-pressure liquid near the melting point, supercooled liquid and polycrystalline ice. For momentum transfer values below 8 nm−1, two collective excitations associated with longitudinal and transverse acoustic modes were observed. Above 8 nm−1, another excitation was detected in the liquid. Comparison with polycrystalline data and molecular dynamics simulations suggests that this mode is related to longitudinal–transverse mixing of mode symmetry

Transport and mixing in Lac Léman

Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) is the largest freshwater body in Western Europe. It is a deep peri-alpine lake whose importance stems from being not only an essential freshwater source in the region, but also a major tourist destination, a fishery and a waterway. Its dynamics have been the subject of long-term monitoring and study, and its response patterns to wind forcing (the major forcing) are relatively well understood (e.g. Lemmin et al. 2005). On the other hand, the large-scale organisation of the water circulation is less well known; the associated transport properties are even less clear. The interest in the transport of water parcels inside the lake is linked to the inflow of sediments and pollutants from the tributaries, in particular from the Rhône River, the major one in terms of water and sediment discharged into the lake. Most of the sediments entering the lake through the Rhône are believed to sink in the eastern part of the lake (Giovanoli, 1990). More recently, Halder et al. (2013) traced, using stable isotopes, water parcels from the Rhône River in the entire lake basin. This study demonstrates that the water entering the lake from its main tributary has a complex distribution inside the whole basin. How this distribution is established and evolves in time is, however, mostly unknown. The Ecological Engineering Laboratory of EPFL is trying to shed further light on this issue, by combining observational and numerical modelling tools. In particular, up to 6 Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP’s) have been simultaneously deployed at various locations inside the lake. This data, together with available historical data, is being used to validate a hydrodynamic model of the lake, implemented using MITgcm code. Various passive-tracer release experiments were conducted using the numerical model, investigating the relative importance of wind-forcing, depth of release, stratification, and the Rhône discharge rate, for the spreading and mixing of the tracers. The preliminary numerical results confirm that the northern and southern coastal regions are preferred initial pathways for the transport of the Rhône discharge. More interestingly, the numerical simulations unmistakeably show that the transport of the Rhône River water inside the lake is highly inhomogeneous in space, and highly intermittent in time, even ignoring the discharge variability itself. This intermittency should be taken into account, in particular when interpreting point measurements, isolated in time. From a practical point of view, this is likely to have an important effect on the nutrient and oxygen availability, as well as on the concentration of pollutants. From a more fundamental point of view, this study contributes to further understanding the mixing processes in rotating, stratified flows at length scales where rotation is an important but not the only dynamic process (Rossby number small but non-zero)

Oceanic hindcast simulations at high resolution suggest that the Atlantic MOC is bistable

All climate models predict a freshening of the North Atlantic at high latitude that may induce an abrupt change of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (hereafter AMOC) if it resides in the bistable regime, where both a strong and a weak state coexist. The latter remains uncertain as there is no consensus among observations and ocean reanalyses, where the AMOC is bistable, versus most climate models that reproduce a mono-stable strong AMOC. A series of four hindcast simulations of the global ocean at 1/12° resolution, which is presently unique, are used to diagnose freshwater transport by the AMOC in the South Atlantic, an indicator of AMOC bistability. In all simulations, the AMOC resides in the bistable regime: it exports freshwater southward in the South Atlantic, implying a positive salt advection feedback that would act to amplify a decreasing trend in subarctic deep water formation as projected in climate scenarios

Impacts of the 1996 Telecommunications Act on the US model of telecommunications policy

The 1996 Telecommunications Act provides mechanisms for all parties to pursue their interests. For instance, the Act incorporates two different and complementary approaches: (a) it authorizes all operators to operate in businesses from which they were previously excluded. (b) it incorporates some legal procedures and regulatory constraints, that provide parties with tools to defend their territories, excluding other operators. A striking example is the 'competitive checklist' for RBOCs to enter the interLATA long distance market. The undesired result of this approach is both the creation of enormous business opportunities for lawyers and a stalemate, because all parties have been quite successful in adopting defensive strategies to block others' initiatives. This has happened to the detriment of offensive moves that, as everyone hoped, would have increased competition in all markets and, as a consequence, the availability of innovative high quality services for the public at low prices. Analysis of the US regulatory model in the telecommunications sector, and in particular the specific studies carried out in three States, have led to a series of conclusions that can provide guidelines on the type of issues and some possible solutions with regard to telecommunications liberalization, relationships between different levels of regulation (e.g. federal/State), operator' strategic moves in response to regulation. The analysis of the US model, even though it is very much related to country-specific conditions, allows us to isolate some issues that other countries, and among them Italy, will be likely to face in the short term.