Antibio-résistance d'Escherichia coli isolées des carcasses de poulets fraîchement abattus

Cette étude a concerné des souches d'E sch erich ia coli provenant des colifomes fécaux (ECCF) et des coliformes totaux (ECCT), tous originaires des carcasses de poulets fraîchement prélevés dans des magasins d'abattagevente. Au total 50 isolats d·E. coli sont testés pour leur sensibilité antimicrobienne vis-à-vis de sept antibactériens communément utilisés chez l'Homme : Amoxicilline (AMX), Streptomycine (S), Spectinomycine (SPT), Gentamicine (GM), Sulfamides (SSS), Fluméquine (UB) et Colistine (CS). Les taux de résistance pour les ECCF et les ECCT sont élevés (76%) avec une monorésistance de 28%. La polyrésistance est de 12% pour les ECCF et concerne 4 antibactériens. Les fréquences de résistance sont très élevées contre la S, les SSS et la SPT, moyennes à faibles contre les autres antibactériens. Peu de différences sont notées entre les ECCF et les ECCT. Lesantibiotypes les plus fréquents sont SSS, SPT/S, S/SSS, SPT/S/SSS et SPT/S/SSS/CS.Antibioresistance of Escherichia coli isolated from freshly slaughtered poultryFifty strains of Escherichia coli from both fecal and total coliforms, aIl originated from freshly slaughtered poultry in traditional shops were studied for their antimicrobial sensitivity. Seven antibacterial agents, widely used in human medicine, were tested: Amoxicillin (AMX), Streptomycin (S), Spectinomycin (SPT) Sulfonamides (SSS), Gentamicin (GM), Flumequin (UB) and Colistin (CS). A significant percentage of isolates (76%) were resistant to at least 1 antimicrobial agent. Antibiograms showed high levels of resistance to S, SSS 'and SPT. Medium to low frequencies ofresistance were noted to the remainder. The most frequent antibiotypes are: SSS, SPT/S, S/SSS, SPT/S/SSS et SPT/S/SSS/CS

De La Politique De Santé Publique Aux Démarches D’entraide Sociale : Mutuelles De Santé Et Équité Sociale Dans Le Département Du Borgou Au Bénin

Apart from its impact on the improvement of health care system, the mutual health insurance implies some changes on the management of health care at family level. This study analyzes the role played by mutual health insurance in the promotion of social equity within families in the Department of Borgou (North -east Benin). It also focuses on qualitative research methodology which combines documentary analysis, life experiences recounting and direct observation for data collection. The empirical corpus triangulation based on the theoretical perspective to social reinforcement of gender roles from Vidal (2008) reveals that the operationalization of insurance systems in Benin cotton basin which has contributed to a redefinition of gender roles in terms of family health care. At the event of mutual health insurances, the responsibilities in terms of family health care formerly devoted exclusively to women, are highly in a movement and then, are shared between wife and husband inner the couple. The mutual health insurance systems affect the private sphere and have influenced the existing relationship between men and women on the health care where, men have to play an important role towards family health care

INTER-FERTILITY AMONG FEMALE PARENT CLONES OF PINEAPPLE INVOLVED IN A 6X6 COMPLETE DIALLEL CROSSING SYSTEM BASED ON TYPOLOGICAL APPROACH

Pineapple ( Ananas comosus L. Merr) breeding programme in C\uf4te d\u2019Ivoire considers fruit diversification as key component in the international pineapple industry. The objective of this study was to determine the sexual compatibility of female pineapple clones recently developed in C\uf4te d\u2019Ivoire. Three female hybrid clones, 410-106-33, 410-200-15, 103-104-6; one variety, known as Queen Victoria RE43; as well as two Smooth Cayenne varieties HA10 and HA25 used as controls, were tested in this study. They were inter-crossed according to a 6x6 complete diallel mating system with selfings. Results showed that female hybrid clone 410-200-15, was the least inter-compatible; implying that it can be indifferently cultivated in single or mixed-crop fields. This was followed by the genitors RE43 and 410-106-33. The response pattern could be due to the relatedness existing among these three clones. Conversely, hybrid clone 103-104-6 was the most inter-compatible. In this case, it needs to undergo successive back-crosses, using the parent HA10 as donor, before on-farm evaluations. The female clones 410-106-33 and RE43 produced the heaviest and the lightest fruits, respectively.Le programme d\u2019am\ue9lioration g\ue9n\ue9tique de l\u2019ananas ( Ananas comosus L.) en C\uf4te d\u2019Ivoire consid\ue8re la diversification fruiti\ue8re comme une composante cl\ue9 pour l\u2019industrie internationale de l\u2019ananas. L\u2019objectif de la pr\ue9sente \ue9tude \ue9tait de d\ue9terminer la compatibilit\ue9 sexu\ue9e de clones femelles d\u2019ananas r\ue9cemment cr\ue9es en C\uf4te d\u2019Ivoire. Trois clones hybrides femelles d\ue9sign\ue9s 410-106-33, 410-200-15, 103-104-6, une vari\ue9t\ue9, connue sous le vocable de Queen Victoria RE43, ainsi que deux vari\ue9t\ue9s Cayenne lisse HA10 et HA25 utilis\ue9s comme t\ue9moins, ont \ue9t\ue9 test\ue9s dans cette \ue9tude. Ils ont \ue9t\ue9 inter-crois\ue9s selon un plan de croisements diall\ue8le complet 6 x 6 avec autof\ue9condations. Les r\ue9sultats ont montr\ue9 que le clone hybride femelle 410-200-15 a \ue9t\ue9 le moins inter-compatible, sugg\ue9rant qu\u2019il peut \ueatre cultiv\ue9 indiff\ue9remment en parcelles mono ou multiclonales. Il a \ue9t\ue9 suivi par les g\ue9niteurs RE43 et 410-106-33. Un tel comportement pourrait \ueatre d\ufb \ue0 la parent\ue9 existant entre ces trois clones. A l\u2019oppos\ue9, le clone hybride 103-104-6 a exprim\ue9 la plus haute inter-compatibilit\ue9. Il devrait \ueatre soumis \ue0 des back crosses successifs, utilisant le parent HA10 comme donneur, avant les \ue9valuations en milieu r\ue9el. Les clones femelles 410-106-33 et RE43 ont produit respectivement les fruits les plus lourds et les plus l\ue9gers

Molecular pathway profiling of T lymphocyte signal transduction pathways; Th1 and Th2 genomic fingerprints are defined by TCR and CD28-mediated signaling

Contains fulltext : 108719.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)BACKGROUND: T lymphocytes are orchestrators of adaptive immunity. Naive T cells may differentiate into Th1, Th2, Th17 or iTreg phenotypes, depending on environmental co-stimulatory signals. To identify genes and pathways involved in differentiation of Jurkat T cells towards Th1 and Th2 subtypes we performed comprehensive transcriptome analyses of Jurkat T cells stimulated with various stimuli and pathway inhibitors. Results from these experiments were validated in a human experimental setting using whole blood and purified CD4+ Tcells. RESULTS: Calcium-dependent activation of T cells using CD3/CD28 and PMA/CD3 stimulation induced a Th1 expression profile reflected by increased expression of T-bet, RUNX3, IL-2, and IFNgamma, whereas calcium-independent activation via PMA/CD28 induced a Th2 expression profile which included GATA3, RXRA, CCL1 and Itk. Knock down with siRNA and gene expression profiling in the presence of selective kinase inhibitors showed that proximal kinases Lck and PKCtheta are crucial signaling hubs during T helper cell activation, revealing a clear role for Lck in Th1 development and for PKCtheta in both Th1 and Th2 development. Medial signaling via MAPkinases appeared to be less important in these pathways, since specific inhibitors of these kinases displayed a minor effect on gene expression. Translation towards a primary, whole blood setting and purified human CD4+ T cells revealed that PMA/CD3 stimulation induced a more pronounced Th1 specific, Lck and PKCtheta dependent IFNgamma production, whereas PMA/CD28 induced Th2 specific IL-5 and IL-13 production, independent of Lck activation. PMA/CD3-mediated skewing towards a Th1 phenotype was also reflected in mRNA expression of the master transcription factor Tbet, whereas PMA/CD28-mediated stimulation enhanced GATA3 mRNA expression in primary human CD4+ Tcells. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies stimulatory pathways and gene expression profiles for in vitro skewing of T helper cell activation. PMA/CD3 stimulation enhances a Th1-like response in an Lck and PKCtheta dependent fashion, whereas PMA/CD28 stimulation results in a Th2-like phenotype independent of the proximal TCR-tyrosine kinase Lck. This approach offers a robust and fast translational in vitro system for skewed T helper cell responses in Jurkat T cells, primary human CD4+ Tcells and in a more complex matrix such as human whole blood

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Pathway: Genetic Variants and Outcomes of HIV-1 Infection in African American Adolescents

promoter sequence have been reported to influence pathogenesis or acquisition of HIV-1 infection. T-cell increased by 31±0.9% and 17±8% every 3 months for AA and AG genotype, respectively. gene family to HIV-1/AIDS

Molecular prevalence, genetic characterization and patterns of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic small mammals from Cotonou, Benin

Toxoplasmosis, one of the most prevalent parasitic infections in humans and animals, is caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Small mammals play a key role as intermediate reservoir hosts in the maintenance of the T. gondii life cycle. In this study, we estimated the molecular prevalence and provide genetic diversity data for T. gondii in 632 small mammals sampled in four areas of Cotonou city, Benin. Both the brain and heart of each individual were screened through T. gondii-targeting qPCR, and positive samples were then genotyped using a set of 15 T. gondii-specific microsatellites. Prevalence data were statistically analyzed in order to assess the relative impact of individual host characteristics, spatial distribution, composition of small mammal community, and urban landscape features. An overall T. gondii molecular prevalence of 15.2% was found and seven genotypes, all belonging to the Africa 1 lineage, could be retrieved from the invasive black rat Rattus rattus and the native African giant shrew Crocidura olivieri. Statistical analyses did not suggest any significant influence of the environmental parameters used in this study. Rather, depending on the local context, T. gondii prevalence appeared to be associated either with black rat, shrew, or mouse abundance or with the trapping period. Overall, our results highlight the intricate relationships between biotic and abiotic factors involved in T. gondii epidemiology and suggest that R. rattus and C. olivieri are two competent reservoirs for the Africa 1 lineage, a widespread lineage in tropical Africa and the predominant lineage in Benin

Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor–like kinase NILR1 is required for induction of innate immunity to parasitic nematodes

Plant-parasitic nematodes are destructive pests causing losses of billions of dollars annually. An effective plant defence against pathogens relies on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by surface-localised receptors leading to the activation of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Extensive studies have been conducted to characterise the role of PTI in various models of plant-pathogen interactions. However, far less is known about the role of PTI in roots in general and in plant-nematode interactions in particular. Here we show that nematode-derived proteinaceous elicitor/s is/are capable of inducing PTI in Arabidopsis in a manner dependent on the common immune co-receptor BAK1. Consistent with the role played by BAK1, we identified a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, termed NILR1 that is specifically regulated upon infection by nematodes. We show that NILR1 is essential for PTI responses initiated by nematodes and nilr1 loss-of-function mutants are hypersusceptible to a broad category of nematodes. To our knowledge, NILR1 is the first example of an immune receptor that is involved in induction of basal immunity (PTI) in plants or in animals in response to nematodes. Manipulation of NILR1 will provide new options for nematode control in crop plants in future

Channelopathies in Cav1.1, Cav1.3, and Cav1.4 voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels couple membrane depolarization to Ca2+-dependent intracellular signaling events. This is achieved by mediating Ca2+ ion influx or by direct conformational coupling to intracellular Ca2+ release channels. The family of Cav1 channels, also termed L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs), is uniquely sensitive to organic Ca2+ channel blockers and expressed in many electrically excitable tissues. In this review, we summarize the role of LTCCs for human diseases caused by genetic Ca2+ channel defects (channelopathies). LTCC dysfunction can result from structural aberrations within their pore-forming α1 subunits causing hypokalemic periodic paralysis and malignant hyperthermia sensitivity (Cav1.1 α1), incomplete congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB2; Cav1.4 α1), and Timothy syndrome (Cav1.2 α1; reviewed separately in this issue). Cav1.3 α1 mutations have not been reported yet in humans, but channel loss of function would likely affect sinoatrial node function and hearing. Studies in mice revealed that LTCCs indirectly also contribute to neurological symptoms in Ca2+ channelopathies affecting non-LTCCs, such as Cav2.1 α1 in tottering mice. Ca2+ channelopathies provide exciting disease-related molecular detail that led to important novel insight not only into disease pathophysiology but also to mechanisms of channel function

HIV-1 Inhibits Autophagy in Bystander Macrophage/Monocytic Cells through Src-Akt and STAT3

Autophagy is a homeostatic mechanism of lysosomal degradation. Defective autophagy has been linked to various disorders such as impaired control of pathogens and neurodegeneration. Autophagy is regulated by a complex array of signaling pathways that act upstream of autophagy proteins. Little is known about the role of altered regulatory signaling in disorders associated with defective autophagy. In particular, it is not known if pathogens inhibit autophagy by modulation of upstream regulatory pathways. Cells infected with HIV-1 blocked rapamycin-induced autophagy and CD40-induced autophagic killing of Toxoplasma gondii in bystander (non-HIV-1 infected) macrophage/monocytic cells. Blockade of autophagy was dependent on Src-Akt and STAT3 triggered by HIV-1 Tat and IL-10. Neutralization of the upstream receptors VEGFR, β-integrin or CXCR4, as well as of HIV-1 Tat or IL-10 restored autophagy in macrophage/monocytic cells exposed to HIV-1-infected cells. Defective autophagic killing of T. gondii was detected in monocyte-derived macrophages from a subset of HIV-1+ patients. This defect was also reverted by neutralization of Tat or IL-10. These studies revealed that a pathogen can impair autophagy in non-infected cells by activating counter-regulatory pathways. The fact that pharmacologic manipulation of cell signaling restored autophagy in cells exposed to HIV-1-infected cells raises the possibility of therapeutic manipulation of cell signaling to restore autophagy in HIV-1 infection