The Attitude, Knowledge and Behaviour of Traditional Birth Attendants in a Rural Area, Ujung -Berung, West Java

Telah dilaksanakan suatu penelitian mengenai pengetahuan, sikap dan perbuatan dari para dukun bayi di desa Ujung Berung, yang letaknya kira-kira 15 km dari Bandung. Dukun yang diteliti berjumlah 45 orang dan 11 di antaranya telah mendapat latihan dari Dinas Kesehatan setempat. Metoda penelitian yang dipakai ialah wawancara, observasi langsung dan pengumpulan data morta­litas dan morbiditas. Hasil penelitian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa dukun yang terlatih mempunyai pengetahuan dan sikap yang lebih baik daripada dukun yang tidak terlatih, namun tindakannya masih banyak yang tidak berbeda dengan cara tradisional. Frekuensi tetanus neonatorum misalnya masih tinggi pada bayi yang ditolong dukun terlatih. Untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dari pekerjaan dukun terlatih diperlukan bimbingan dan pertemuan berkala yang lebih teratur dari petugas kesehatan setempat

Dynamic Response of Pavement Plates to the Positive and Negative Phases of the Friedlander Load

The dynamic response of pavement plates to a localized Friedlander load based on the threeparameter foundation model with the account of soil inertia is analyzed.Выполнен анализ динамической реакции мостовых плит на локализованную нагрузку Фридлендера на базе трехпараметрической модели основы с учетом инерции грунта

Efek Suplemen Protein Berbasis-susu Terhadap Keseimbangan Mikroflora Tuberkulosis Paru Dari Pasien Dalam Pengobatan (Effect of Milk-based Protein Supplement on the Microflora Balance of Pulmonary Tuberculosis From Treated Patients)

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients, in addition to frequently suffering from nutritional deficiency, may have impaired gut microflora balance as effect of low daily dietary intake and antibiotics therapy use, respectively. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum is a normal inhabitant of human gut microflora, which able to improve nutrients absorption and modulate immune response. Objective: To test the effect of milk-based protein (MBP) supplement on the microflora balance of TB (maintaining growth and metabolic activity of probiotic bacteria) from treated patients. Methods: Several methods was applied to determine nutrients concentration and probiotic population. (1) types and carbohydrate amount and vitamin A concentration in MBP supplement was determined by HPLC method, zinc concentration used AAS method and amount of protein used micro Kjeldahl method; (2) total energy, fat and vitamin D concentration was calculated based on their concentration in each ingredient; (3) total cells count for growth and metabolic activity test of probiotics bacteria was used plating technique and HPLC method, respectively; (4) acceptance test to MBP supplement was performed using organoleptic test three point Likert scale. Results: In each 100 gram MBP supplement was containing (a) monosaccharide (1,710 mg), disaccharides (43,870 mg) and oligosaccharides (490 mg), vitamin A, zinc, protein, energy, fat dan vitamin D, (b) it supplement capable maintained growth of probiotics bacteria (> 1x 10 log10 cfu/mL) and stimulated lactic acid production five times higher (4,5 M lactic acid/mL) than placebo (0,9 M lactic acid/ml); (c) MBP supplements has been accepted by all subjects. Conclusion: MBP supplement had capacity to maintain growth and improved metabolic activity of two indigenous probiotic bacteria in the human gut

Are fishers happier? An evidence from a large-scale Indonesian happiness survey

Almost all recent empirical literatures that study the subjective wellbeing of fishers lack of relevant control as they are only based on surveys among fishers. Therefore, they cannot really answer whether being a fisher generate higher or lower life satisfaction, after controlling for other aspects of life. This study is based on Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), a survey of almost 20,000 individuals which contain information of various socio-economic and employment characteristics as well as several life-satisfaction question which include their subjective happiness (generally how happy they are with the scale from 1 to 4) and their subjective position on economic ladders (5 ladders, from poorest to richest). For the economic ladders they are also ask their current and their future position from which we can infer how optimistic they are in their life. From the data, we can also identify whether an individual work as a fisher or other type of occupations within the category of self-employed without worker, self-employed with worker, unpaid family worker, and casual worker. We apply ordered-probit regressions (given the nature the life satisfaction data). We find that, after controlling income, demographics, education, health and regional characteristics, fishers in general are not happier compared to other type of jobs except those under the category of self-employed with workers and casual workers. However, we find that fishers are more optimistic in life as being a fisher is associated with positive attitude toward the change in the economic status

The C-Type Lectin Receptor CLECSF8/CLEC4D Is a Key Component of Anti-Mycobacterial Immunity

Open Access funded by Wellcome Trust: Under a Creative Commons license Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Acknowledgments We would like to thank S. Hardison, P. Redelinghuys, J. Taylor, C. Wallace, A. Richmond, S. Hadebe, A. Plato, F. Abbass, L. Fick, N. Allie, R. Wilkinson, K. Wilkinson, S. Cooper, D. Lang, and V. Kumar for reagents and assistance, and the animal facility staff for the care of our animals. This work was supported by the MRC (UK) and Wellcome Trust (G.D.B.); MRC (South Africa) and Sydney Brenner Fellowship (M.J.M.); Vici (M.G.N.), Vidi (R.v.C.), and Veni grants (T.S.P.) from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research; the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (T.H.M.O.); EC FP7 projects (NEWTBVAC, ADITEC; T.H.M.O.); Carnegie Corporation and CIDRI (J.C.H.); and the University of Aberdeen (B.K.).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The effectiveness of emergency obstetric referral interventions in developing country settings : a systematic review

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Higher education in Indonesia: Contemporary challenges in governance, access, and quality

This chapter presents the development of Indonesian higher education since its origins to current challenges in the fields of governance, autonomy, access, equity, quality, and internationalization. Indonesia has a massive and diversified tertiary education, including experiments in community colleges and online programs. The higher educational system remains mainly centralized, with the exception of some reforms towards financial autonomy. Insufficient public funding hinders the capacity to provide adequate teaching, research, and facilities among other aspects. The consequential rise in student fees contributes to an overrepresentation of students from Java, urban centers, and higher social classes

Characteristics and risk factors for typhoid fever after the tsunami, earthquake and under normal conditions in Indonesia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although typhoid transmitted by food and water is a common problem in daily life, its characteristics and risk factors may differ in disaster-affected areas, which reinforces the need for rapid public health intervention. Surveys were carried out post-tsunami in Banda Aceh, post-earthquake in Yogyakarta, and under normal conditions in Bandung, Indonesia. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the risk factors with the dependent variable of typhoid fever, with or without complications.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Characteristic typhoid fever with complications was found in 5 patients (11.9%) affected by the tsunami in Aceh, 8 (20.5%) after the earthquake in Yogyakarta, and 13 (18.6%) in Bandung. After the tsunami in Aceh, clean water (OR = 0.05; 95%CI: 0.01-0.47) and drug availability (OR = 0.23; 95%CI: 0.02-2.43) are significant independent risk factors, while for the earthquake in Yogyakarta, contact with other typhoid patients (OR = 20.30; 95%CI: 1.93-213.02) and education (OR = 0.08; 95%CI: 0.01-0.98) were significant risk factors. Under normal conditions in Bandung, hand washing (OR = 0.07; 95%CI: 0.01-0.50) and education (OR = 0.08; 95%CI: 0.01-0.64) emerged as significant risk factors.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The change in risk factors for typhoid complication after the tsunami in Aceh and the earthquake in Yogyakarta emphasizes the need for rapid public health intervention in natural disasters in Indonesia.</p

Treatment outcomes of fixed-dose combination versus separate tablet regimens in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with or without diabetes in Qatar

Background: Tuberculosis is considered the second most common cause of death due to infectious agent. The currently preferred regimen for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, which has been used either as separate tablets (ST) or as fixed-dose combination (FDC). To date, no studies have compared both regimens in Qatar. We aim to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of FDC and ST regimen for treating PTB, in addition to comparing safety and efficacy of FDC and ST regimens in patients with diabetes treated for TB. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in two general hospitals in Qatar. Patients diagnosed with PTB received anti-tuberculosis medications (either as FDC or ST) administered by the nurse. Sputum smears were tested weekly. We assessed the time to negative sputum smear and incidence of adverse events among FDC and ST groups. Results: The study included 148 patients. FDC was used in 90 patients (61%). Effectiveness was not different between FDC and ST regimens as shown by mean time to sputum conversion (29.9 ± 18.3 vs. 35.6 ± 23 days, p = 0.12). Similarly, there was no difference in the incidence of adverse events, except for visual one that was higher in ST group. Among the 33 diabetic patients, 19 received the FDC and had faster sputum conversion compared to those who received ST (31 ± 12 vs. 49.4 ± 30.9 days, p = 0.05). Overall, diabetic patients needed longer time for sputum conversion and had more hepatotoxic and gastric adverse events compared to non-diabetics. Conclusion: ST group had higher visual side effects compared to FDC. FDC may be more effective in diabetic patients; however, further studies are required to confirm such finding.PublishedN/

Genetic Association and Expression Studies Indicate a Role of Toll-Like Receptor 8 in Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Despite high rates of exposure, only 5–10% of people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis will develop active tuberculosis (TB) disease, suggesting a significant role for genetic variation in the human immune response to this infection. Here, we studied TB association and expression of 18 genes involved in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways. Initially, we genotyped 149 sequence polymorphisms in 375 pulmonary TB patients and 387 controls from Indonesia. We found that four polymorphisms in the TLR8 gene on chromosome X showed evidence of association with TB susceptibility in males, including a non-synonymous polymorphism rs3764880 (Met1Val; P = 0.007, odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, 95% c.i. = 1.2–2.7). We genotyped these four TLR8 polymorphisms in an independent collection of 1,837 pulmonary TB patients and 1,779 controls from Russia and again found evidence of association in males (for rs3764880 P = 0.03, OR = 1.2, 95% c.i. = 1.02–1.48). Combined evidence for association is P = 1.2×10−3–6×10−4. In addition, a quantitative PCR analysis indicated that TLR8 transcript levels are significantly up-regulated in patients during the acute phase of disease (P = 9.36×10−5), relative to baseline levels following successful chemotherapy. A marked increase in TLR8 protein expression was also observed directly in differentiated macrophages upon infection with M. bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Taken together, our results provide evidence, for the first time, of a role for the TLR8 gene in susceptibility to pulmonary TB across different populations