1,537 research outputs found
Fast gradient descent for drifting least squares regression, with application to bandits
Online learning algorithms require to often recompute least squares
regression estimates of parameters. We study improving the computational
complexity of such algorithms by using stochastic gradient descent (SGD) type
schemes in place of classic regression solvers. We show that SGD schemes
efficiently track the true solutions of the regression problems, even in the
presence of a drift. This finding coupled with an improvement in
complexity, where is the dimension of the data, make them attractive for
implementation in the big data settings. In the case when strong convexity in
the regression problem is guaranteed, we provide bounds on the error both in
expectation and high probability (the latter is often needed to provide
theoretical guarantees for higher level algorithms), despite the drifting least
squares solution. As an example of this case we prove that the regret
performance of an SGD version of the PEGE linear bandit algorithm
[Rusmevichientong and Tsitsiklis 2010] is worse that that of PEGE itself only
by a factor of . When strong convexity of the regression problem
cannot be guaranteed, we investigate using an adaptive regularisation. We make
an empirical study of an adaptively regularised, SGD version of LinUCB [Li et
al. 2010] in a news article recommendation application, which uses the large
scale news recommendation dataset from Yahoo! front page. These experiments
show a large gain in computational complexity, with a consistently low tracking
error and click-through-rate (CTR) performance that is close
Review of the Synergies Between Computational Modeling and Experimental Characterization of Materials Across Length Scales
With the increasing interplay between experimental and computational
approaches at multiple length scales, new research directions are emerging in
materials science and computational mechanics. Such cooperative interactions
find many applications in the development, characterization and design of
complex material systems. This manuscript provides a broad and comprehensive
overview of recent trends where predictive modeling capabilities are developed
in conjunction with experiments and advanced characterization to gain a greater
insight into structure-properties relationships and study various physical
phenomena and mechanisms. The focus of this review is on the intersections of
multiscale materials experiments and modeling relevant to the materials
mechanics community. After a general discussion on the perspective from various
communities, the article focuses on the latest experimental and theoretical
opportunities. Emphasis is given to the role of experiments in multiscale
models, including insights into how computations can be used as discovery tools
for materials engineering, rather than to "simply" support experimental work.
This is illustrated by examples from several application areas on structural
materials. This manuscript ends with a discussion on some problems and open
scientific questions that are being explored in order to advance this
relatively new field of research.Comment: 25 pages, 11 figures, review article accepted for publication in J.
Mater. Sc
LâocĂ©an au coeur de la Grande Ăle : Les aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es, un outil de dĂ©veloppement durable pour Madagascar
Grande Ăle de lâocĂ©an Indien, Madagascar apparaĂźt comme une vĂ©ritable « Ăźle continent » avec une superficie de plus de 590 000 kmÂČ et plus de 5000 km de cĂŽtes. Ses zones marines et cĂŽtiĂšres abritent une variĂ©tĂ© dâĂ©cosystĂšmes et dâhabitats parmi lesquels les rĂ©cifs coralliens, mangroves, dunes, lagons, plages sableuses, herbiers de phanĂ©rogames, estuaires, Ăźles et Ăźlots auxquels sont associĂ©s de nombreuses espĂšces de coraux, poissons, reptiles, crustacĂ©s, mollusques, Ă©chinodermes. Les Ă©cosystĂšmes les plus connus sont certainement les rĂ©cifs coralliens avec une superficie de prĂšs de 5000 kmÂČ et les mangroves qui sâĂ©tendent sur plus de 3000 kmÂČ principalement sur les rivages occidentaux de lâĂźle. Ils apportent dâĂ©normes bĂ©nĂ©fices socio-Ă©conomiques aux communautĂ©s locales grĂące Ă la pĂȘche et aux activitĂ©s touristiques sans oublier les services Ă©cologiques que ces Ă©cosystĂšmes assurent pour lâĂ©quilibre de la planĂšte et le bien-ĂȘtre de lâHomme. Au vu de lâimportance de ces zones marines et cĂŽtiĂšres et dans le but de les prĂ©server face aux menaces et pressions dâorigine anthropique et naturelle, Madagascar sâest rĂ©solument investie dans la crĂ©ation et la mise en place dâaires marines protĂ©gĂ©es et de rĂ©serves marines afin de contribuer au bien-ĂȘtre des communautĂ©s locales qui en dĂ©pendent. Dans cette optique, le SystĂšme dâAires ProtĂ©gĂ©es de Madagascar, SAPM, a Ă©tĂ© mis en place pour offrir les outils appropriĂ©s de gestion, de gouvernance et de planification dans lâobjectif de tripler la surface des aires protĂ©gĂ©es, ce qui la porterait de 1,7 Ă prĂšs de 6 millions dâhectares (Vision Durban). La premiĂšre aire marine protĂ©gĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© officiellement crĂ©Ă©e en 1989 avec le parc marin de Nosy Antafana intĂ©grĂ© Ă la RĂ©serve de BiosphĂšre de Mananara Nord, suivie par les trois parcelles marines du Parc National de Masoala. Vingt ans aprĂšs le premier parc marin, de nouvelles aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es et rĂ©serves marines ont Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă©es ou sont en voie de crĂ©ation dans lâattente de lâobtention de leur statut dĂ©finitif1. Les aires protĂ©gĂ©es sur les rivages et dans les eaux malgaches sont le fruit dâun travail rĂ©alisĂ© dans un Ă©troit partenariat avec les communautĂ©s locales pour assurer une bonne gestion des parcs dont le contrĂŽle et la surveillance, le suivi Ă©cologique et lâapplication des rĂ©gulations du parc et le dĂ©veloppement des activitĂ©s liĂ©es au tourisme. Les communautĂ©s locales, garantes du succĂšs dâune telle entreprise, ont trouvĂ© leur intĂ©rĂȘt dans la protection de ces rĂ©serves comme cela a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ© pour le parc marin de Nosy Antafana ou la premiĂšre aire marine protĂ©gĂ©e gĂ©rĂ©e par les communautĂ©s locales Ă Velondriake dans le Sud-ouest. Ă Velondriake les communautĂ©s locales appliquent des rĂšgles traditionnelles, les dina, pour permettre une gestion efficace de la pĂȘche aux poulpes, grĂące Ă un vrai partenariat entre les acteurs concernĂ©s impliquant les communautĂ©s locales, les organismes Ă©tatiques et le secteur privĂ© comme les compagnies de pĂȘche. Et puis, trĂšs rĂ©cemment, un systĂšme de cogestion a Ă©tĂ© mis en place pour la premiĂšre fois sur une Ăźle du nord ouest, Nosy Tanikely. Au sein de ce systĂšme, la responsabilitĂ© de la gestion est partagĂ©e conjointement et Ă©quitablement de sorte que chaque entitĂ© apporte sa valeur ajoutĂ©e en termes de gestion et de protection des parcs nationaux, de promotion du tourisme durable et responsable, et dâintĂ©gration dans le processus de dĂ©veloppement local. MalgrĂ© ces efforts louables, des questions restent encore sans rĂ©ponses et placent les gestionnaires face Ă des dĂ©fis importants. (i) Le manque de ressources humaines pour assurer la gestion marine et cĂŽtiĂšre et plus particuliĂšrement la gestion des aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es reste dâactualitĂ© malgrĂ© les diffĂ©rentes opportunitĂ©s de formation qui se prĂ©sentent dans la rĂ©gion. (ii) Les aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es et rĂ©serves marines existantes profitent de programmes de suivi Ă©cologique et socioĂ©conomique, mais les connaissances scientifiques nĂ©cessaires pour rĂ©pondre vraiment aux besoins de gestion restent encore Ă dĂ©velopper. (iii) Lâimportance, surtout dans un contexte Ăźlien, dâinculquer Ă toutes les tranches dâĂąge, Ă tous les secteurs, la valeur des zones marines et cĂŽtiĂšres et des aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es en particulier, Ă travers des programmes dâĂ©ducation avec toutes les infrastructures appropriĂ©es. Les aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es constituent le seul outil de sensibilisation et dâĂ©ducation pour promouvoir lâimportance de la biodiversitĂ© marine au niveau local. (iv) Les gestionnaires font tous face Ă un problĂšme commun : lâaspect financier. Ă dĂ©faut de mĂ©canisme de financement durable, ces gestionnaires sont davantage focalisĂ©s sur la recherche des meilleurs moyens possibles pour assurer la gestion quotidienne. DĂšs lors que le budget de fonctionnement dĂ©passe les recettes de lâaire marine protĂ©gĂ©e, cette derniĂšre devient extrĂȘmement vulnĂ©rable et ne peut plus faire face aux alĂ©as Ă©conomiques et politiques. (v) Des succĂšs ont gĂ©nĂ©ralement Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s dans des rĂ©alisations au niveau des premiers utilisateurs sur les impacts socioĂ©conomiques des ressources marines, mais leur duplication Ă une Ă©chelle plus grande constitue un autre dĂ©fi. Les aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es et les rĂ©serves marines constituent dâemblĂ©e des outils efficaces pour la conservation de la biodiversitĂ© marine, la maintenance de la productivitĂ© et des processus Ă©cologiques mais aussi pour lâamĂ©lioration des conditions de vie des communautĂ©s locales. En prenant en considĂ©ration les diffĂ©rents projets et initiatives mis en oeuvre, et dans une perspective Ă long terme, il est Ă©vident quâune approche intĂ©grĂ©e est absolument nĂ©cessaire afin de pouvoir crĂ©er une meilleure coordination et dâassurer une synergie entre les acteurs dĂšs le dĂ©but de lâinstruction dâun projet ou programme et de rassembler conjointement les idĂ©es et expĂ©riences pour Ă©laborer un programme et dĂ©finir un objectif commun. Dans ce cas, la translation des succĂšs obtenus pourrait sâopĂ©rer Ă plus grande Ă©chelle et les rĂ©sultats amĂšneraient par consĂ©quent Ă une mobilisation de plus dâacteurs et de ressources financiĂšres. Madagascar occupe une place dominante dans lâouest de lâocĂ©an Indien mais en sâalliant Ă un processus dâintĂ©gration rĂ©gionale tournĂ© vers la conservation et la gestion des ressources marines, la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire, les Ă©changes de connaissances et le renforcement des capacitĂ©s, elle identifiera dâautres moyens pour atteindre son objectif
Isolation and characterization of 8 microsatellite loci for the ââkiller shrimpââ, an invasive Ponto-Caspian amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
Dikerogammarus villosus is a freshwater
amphipod of the Ponto-Caspian origin recognized as one of
the 100 worst alien species in Europe, having negative
impact on biodiversity and functioning of the invaded
aquatic ecosystems. The species has a wide ecophysiological
tolerance and during the last 20 years it has rapidly
spread throughout European inland waters. In consequence,
it presents a major conservation management problem. We
describe eight polymorphic microsatellite loci developed
for D. villosus by combining a biotin-enrichment protocol
and new generation 454GS-FLX Titanium pyrosequencing
technology. When genotyped in 64 individuals from two
locations, the loci exhibited a mean diversity of 4.87 alleles
per locus (2â13). The mean observed and expected heterozygosities
were, respectively, 0.439 (0.091â0.844) and
0.468 (0.089â0.843). Gametic disequilibrium was not
detected for any pair of loci. The microsatellite markers
will be a valuable tool in assessing the demographic processes
associated with invasion of the killer shrimp from a
genetic point of view
New Completeness Methods for Estimating Exoplanet Discoveries by Direct Detection
We report new methods for evaluating realistic observing programs that search
stars for planets by direct imaging, where observations are selected from an
optimized star list, and where stars can be observed multiple times. We show
how these methods bring critical insight into the design of the mission & its
instruments. These methods provide an estimate of the outcome of the observing
program: the probability distribution of discoveries (detection and/or
characterization), & an estimate of the occurrence rate of planets (eta). We
show that these parameters can be accurately estimated from a single mission
simulation, without the need for a complete Monte Carlo mission simulation, &
we prove the accuracy of this new approach. Our methods provide the tools to
define a mission for a particular science goal, for example defined by the
expected number of discoveries and its confidence level. We detail how an
optimized star list can be built & how successive observations can be selected.
Our approach also provides other critical mission attributes, such as the
number of stars expected to be searched, & the probability of zero discoveries.
Because these attributes depend strongly on the mission scale, our methods are
directly applicable to the design of such future missions & provide guidance to
the mission & instrument design based on scientific performance. We illustrate
our new methods with practical calculations & exploratory design reference
missions for JWST operating with a distant starshade to reduce scattered and
diffracted starlight on the focal plane. We estimate that 5 habitable
Earth-mass planets would be discovered & characterized with spectroscopy, with
a probability of 0 discoveries of 0.004, assuming a small fraction of JWST
observing time (7%), eta=0.3, and 70 observing visits, limited by starshade
fuel.Comment: 27 pages, 4 figures, 6 tables, accepted for publication by Ap
How to estimate the differential acceleration in a two-species atom interferometer to test the equivalence principle
We propose a scheme for testing the weak equivalence principle (Universality
of Free Fall) using an atom-interferometric measurement of the local
differential acceleration between two atomic species with a large mass ratio as
test masses. A apparatus in free fall can be used to track atomic free-fall
trajectories over large distances. We show how the differential acceleration
can be extracted from the interferometric signal using Bayesian statistical
estimation, even in the case of a large mass and laser wavelength difference.
We show that this statistical estimation method does not suffer from
acceleration noise of the platform and does not require repeatable experimental
conditions. We specialize our discussion to a dual potassium/rubidium
interferometer and extend our protocol with other atomic mixtures. Finally, we
discuss the performances of the UFF test developed for the free-fall (0-g)
airplane in the ICE project (\verb"http://www.ice-space.fr"
Pseudo-distances on symplectomorphism groups and applications to flux theory
Starting from a given norm on the vector space of exact 1-forms of a compact
symplectic manifold, we produce pseudo-distances on its symplectomorphism group
by generalizing an idea due to Banyaga. We prove that in some cases (which
include Banyaga's construction), their restriction to the Hamiltonian
diffeomorphism group is equivalent to the distance induced by the initial norm
on exact 1-forms. We also define genuine "distances to the Hamiltonian
diffeomorphism group" which we use to derive several consequences, mainly in
terms of flux groups.Comment: 21 pages, no figure; v2. various typos corrected, some references
added. Published in Mathematische Zeitschrif
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