1,537 research outputs found

    Fast gradient descent for drifting least squares regression, with application to bandits

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    Online learning algorithms require to often recompute least squares regression estimates of parameters. We study improving the computational complexity of such algorithms by using stochastic gradient descent (SGD) type schemes in place of classic regression solvers. We show that SGD schemes efficiently track the true solutions of the regression problems, even in the presence of a drift. This finding coupled with an O(d)O(d) improvement in complexity, where dd is the dimension of the data, make them attractive for implementation in the big data settings. In the case when strong convexity in the regression problem is guaranteed, we provide bounds on the error both in expectation and high probability (the latter is often needed to provide theoretical guarantees for higher level algorithms), despite the drifting least squares solution. As an example of this case we prove that the regret performance of an SGD version of the PEGE linear bandit algorithm [Rusmevichientong and Tsitsiklis 2010] is worse that that of PEGE itself only by a factor of O(log⁥4n)O(\log^4 n). When strong convexity of the regression problem cannot be guaranteed, we investigate using an adaptive regularisation. We make an empirical study of an adaptively regularised, SGD version of LinUCB [Li et al. 2010] in a news article recommendation application, which uses the large scale news recommendation dataset from Yahoo! front page. These experiments show a large gain in computational complexity, with a consistently low tracking error and click-through-rate (CTR) performance that is 75%75\% close

    Review of the Synergies Between Computational Modeling and Experimental Characterization of Materials Across Length Scales

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    With the increasing interplay between experimental and computational approaches at multiple length scales, new research directions are emerging in materials science and computational mechanics. Such cooperative interactions find many applications in the development, characterization and design of complex material systems. This manuscript provides a broad and comprehensive overview of recent trends where predictive modeling capabilities are developed in conjunction with experiments and advanced characterization to gain a greater insight into structure-properties relationships and study various physical phenomena and mechanisms. The focus of this review is on the intersections of multiscale materials experiments and modeling relevant to the materials mechanics community. After a general discussion on the perspective from various communities, the article focuses on the latest experimental and theoretical opportunities. Emphasis is given to the role of experiments in multiscale models, including insights into how computations can be used as discovery tools for materials engineering, rather than to "simply" support experimental work. This is illustrated by examples from several application areas on structural materials. This manuscript ends with a discussion on some problems and open scientific questions that are being explored in order to advance this relatively new field of research.Comment: 25 pages, 11 figures, review article accepted for publication in J. Mater. Sc

    L’ocĂ©an au coeur de la Grande Île : Les aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es, un outil de dĂ©veloppement durable pour Madagascar

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    Grande Île de l’ocĂ©an Indien, Madagascar apparaĂźt comme une vĂ©ritable « Ăźle continent » avec une superficie de plus de 590 000 kmÂČ et plus de 5000 km de cĂŽtes. Ses zones marines et cĂŽtiĂšres abritent une variĂ©tĂ© d’écosystĂšmes et d’habitats parmi lesquels les rĂ©cifs coralliens, mangroves, dunes, lagons, plages sableuses, herbiers de phanĂ©rogames, estuaires, Ăźles et Ăźlots auxquels sont associĂ©s de nombreuses espĂšces de coraux, poissons, reptiles, crustacĂ©s, mollusques, Ă©chinodermes. Les Ă©cosystĂšmes les plus connus sont certainement les rĂ©cifs coralliens avec une superficie de prĂšs de 5000 kmÂČ et les mangroves qui s’étendent sur plus de 3000 kmÂČ principalement sur les rivages occidentaux de l’üle. Ils apportent d’énormes bĂ©nĂ©fices socio-Ă©conomiques aux communautĂ©s locales grĂące Ă  la pĂȘche et aux activitĂ©s touristiques sans oublier les services Ă©cologiques que ces Ă©cosystĂšmes assurent pour l’équilibre de la planĂšte et le bien-ĂȘtre de l’Homme. Au vu de l’importance de ces zones marines et cĂŽtiĂšres et dans le but de les prĂ©server face aux menaces et pressions d’origine anthropique et naturelle, Madagascar s’est rĂ©solument investie dans la crĂ©ation et la mise en place d’aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es et de rĂ©serves marines afin de contribuer au bien-ĂȘtre des communautĂ©s locales qui en dĂ©pendent. Dans cette optique, le SystĂšme d’Aires ProtĂ©gĂ©es de Madagascar, SAPM, a Ă©tĂ© mis en place pour offrir les outils appropriĂ©s de gestion, de gouvernance et de planification dans l’objectif de tripler la surface des aires protĂ©gĂ©es, ce qui la porterait de 1,7 Ă  prĂšs de 6 millions d’hectares (Vision Durban). La premiĂšre aire marine protĂ©gĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© officiellement crĂ©Ă©e en 1989 avec le parc marin de Nosy Antafana intĂ©grĂ© Ă  la RĂ©serve de BiosphĂšre de Mananara Nord, suivie par les trois parcelles marines du Parc National de Masoala. Vingt ans aprĂšs le premier parc marin, de nouvelles aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es et rĂ©serves marines ont Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă©es ou sont en voie de crĂ©ation dans l’attente de l’obtention de leur statut dĂ©finitif1. Les aires protĂ©gĂ©es sur les rivages et dans les eaux malgaches sont le fruit d’un travail rĂ©alisĂ© dans un Ă©troit partenariat avec les communautĂ©s locales pour assurer une bonne gestion des parcs dont le contrĂŽle et la surveillance, le suivi Ă©cologique et l’application des rĂ©gulations du parc et le dĂ©veloppement des activitĂ©s liĂ©es au tourisme. Les communautĂ©s locales, garantes du succĂšs d’une telle entreprise, ont trouvĂ© leur intĂ©rĂȘt dans la protection de ces rĂ©serves comme cela a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ© pour le parc marin de Nosy Antafana ou la premiĂšre aire marine protĂ©gĂ©e gĂ©rĂ©e par les communautĂ©s locales Ă  Velondriake dans le Sud-ouest. À Velondriake les communautĂ©s locales appliquent des rĂšgles traditionnelles, les dina, pour permettre une gestion efficace de la pĂȘche aux poulpes, grĂące Ă  un vrai partenariat entre les acteurs concernĂ©s impliquant les communautĂ©s locales, les organismes Ă©tatiques et le secteur privĂ© comme les compagnies de pĂȘche. Et puis, trĂšs rĂ©cemment, un systĂšme de cogestion a Ă©tĂ© mis en place pour la premiĂšre fois sur une Ăźle du nord ouest, Nosy Tanikely. Au sein de ce systĂšme, la responsabilitĂ© de la gestion est partagĂ©e conjointement et Ă©quitablement de sorte que chaque entitĂ© apporte sa valeur ajoutĂ©e en termes de gestion et de protection des parcs nationaux, de promotion du tourisme durable et responsable, et d’intĂ©gration dans le processus de dĂ©veloppement local. MalgrĂ© ces efforts louables, des questions restent encore sans rĂ©ponses et placent les gestionnaires face Ă  des dĂ©fis importants. (i) Le manque de ressources humaines pour assurer la gestion marine et cĂŽtiĂšre et plus particuliĂšrement la gestion des aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es reste d’actualitĂ© malgrĂ© les diffĂ©rentes opportunitĂ©s de formation qui se prĂ©sentent dans la rĂ©gion. (ii) Les aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es et rĂ©serves marines existantes profitent de programmes de suivi Ă©cologique et socioĂ©conomique, mais les connaissances scientifiques nĂ©cessaires pour rĂ©pondre vraiment aux besoins de gestion restent encore Ă  dĂ©velopper. (iii) L’importance, surtout dans un contexte Ăźlien, d’inculquer Ă  toutes les tranches d’ñge, Ă  tous les secteurs, la valeur des zones marines et cĂŽtiĂšres et des aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es en particulier, Ă  travers des programmes d’éducation avec toutes les infrastructures appropriĂ©es. Les aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es constituent le seul outil de sensibilisation et d’éducation pour promouvoir l’importance de la biodiversitĂ© marine au niveau local. (iv) Les gestionnaires font tous face Ă  un problĂšme commun : l’aspect financier. À dĂ©faut de mĂ©canisme de financement durable, ces gestionnaires sont davantage focalisĂ©s sur la recherche des meilleurs moyens possibles pour assurer la gestion quotidienne. DĂšs lors que le budget de fonctionnement dĂ©passe les recettes de l’aire marine protĂ©gĂ©e, cette derniĂšre devient extrĂȘmement vulnĂ©rable et ne peut plus faire face aux alĂ©as Ă©conomiques et politiques. (v) Des succĂšs ont gĂ©nĂ©ralement Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s dans des rĂ©alisations au niveau des premiers utilisateurs sur les impacts socioĂ©conomiques des ressources marines, mais leur duplication Ă  une Ă©chelle plus grande constitue un autre dĂ©fi. Les aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es et les rĂ©serves marines constituent d’emblĂ©e des outils efficaces pour la conservation de la biodiversitĂ© marine, la maintenance de la productivitĂ© et des processus Ă©cologiques mais aussi pour l’amĂ©lioration des conditions de vie des communautĂ©s locales. En prenant en considĂ©ration les diffĂ©rents projets et initiatives mis en oeuvre, et dans une perspective Ă  long terme, il est Ă©vident qu’une approche intĂ©grĂ©e est absolument nĂ©cessaire afin de pouvoir crĂ©er une meilleure coordination et d’assurer une synergie entre les acteurs dĂšs le dĂ©but de l’instruction d’un projet ou programme et de rassembler conjointement les idĂ©es et expĂ©riences pour Ă©laborer un programme et dĂ©finir un objectif commun. Dans ce cas, la translation des succĂšs obtenus pourrait s’opĂ©rer Ă  plus grande Ă©chelle et les rĂ©sultats amĂšneraient par consĂ©quent Ă  une mobilisation de plus d’acteurs et de ressources financiĂšres. Madagascar occupe une place dominante dans l’ouest de l’ocĂ©an Indien mais en s’alliant Ă  un processus d’intĂ©gration rĂ©gionale tournĂ© vers la conservation et la gestion des ressources marines, la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire, les Ă©changes de connaissances et le renforcement des capacitĂ©s, elle identifiera d’autres moyens pour atteindre son objectif

    Isolation and characterization of 8 microsatellite loci for the ‘‘killer shrimp’’, an invasive Ponto-Caspian amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

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    Dikerogammarus villosus is a freshwater amphipod of the Ponto-Caspian origin recognized as one of the 100 worst alien species in Europe, having negative impact on biodiversity and functioning of the invaded aquatic ecosystems. The species has a wide ecophysiological tolerance and during the last 20 years it has rapidly spread throughout European inland waters. In consequence, it presents a major conservation management problem. We describe eight polymorphic microsatellite loci developed for D. villosus by combining a biotin-enrichment protocol and new generation 454GS-FLX Titanium pyrosequencing technology. When genotyped in 64 individuals from two locations, the loci exhibited a mean diversity of 4.87 alleles per locus (2–13). The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were, respectively, 0.439 (0.091–0.844) and 0.468 (0.089–0.843). Gametic disequilibrium was not detected for any pair of loci. The microsatellite markers will be a valuable tool in assessing the demographic processes associated with invasion of the killer shrimp from a genetic point of view

    New Completeness Methods for Estimating Exoplanet Discoveries by Direct Detection

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    We report new methods for evaluating realistic observing programs that search stars for planets by direct imaging, where observations are selected from an optimized star list, and where stars can be observed multiple times. We show how these methods bring critical insight into the design of the mission & its instruments. These methods provide an estimate of the outcome of the observing program: the probability distribution of discoveries (detection and/or characterization), & an estimate of the occurrence rate of planets (eta). We show that these parameters can be accurately estimated from a single mission simulation, without the need for a complete Monte Carlo mission simulation, & we prove the accuracy of this new approach. Our methods provide the tools to define a mission for a particular science goal, for example defined by the expected number of discoveries and its confidence level. We detail how an optimized star list can be built & how successive observations can be selected. Our approach also provides other critical mission attributes, such as the number of stars expected to be searched, & the probability of zero discoveries. Because these attributes depend strongly on the mission scale, our methods are directly applicable to the design of such future missions & provide guidance to the mission & instrument design based on scientific performance. We illustrate our new methods with practical calculations & exploratory design reference missions for JWST operating with a distant starshade to reduce scattered and diffracted starlight on the focal plane. We estimate that 5 habitable Earth-mass planets would be discovered & characterized with spectroscopy, with a probability of 0 discoveries of 0.004, assuming a small fraction of JWST observing time (7%), eta=0.3, and 70 observing visits, limited by starshade fuel.Comment: 27 pages, 4 figures, 6 tables, accepted for publication by Ap

    How to estimate the differential acceleration in a two-species atom interferometer to test the equivalence principle

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    We propose a scheme for testing the weak equivalence principle (Universality of Free Fall) using an atom-interferometric measurement of the local differential acceleration between two atomic species with a large mass ratio as test masses. A apparatus in free fall can be used to track atomic free-fall trajectories over large distances. We show how the differential acceleration can be extracted from the interferometric signal using Bayesian statistical estimation, even in the case of a large mass and laser wavelength difference. We show that this statistical estimation method does not suffer from acceleration noise of the platform and does not require repeatable experimental conditions. We specialize our discussion to a dual potassium/rubidium interferometer and extend our protocol with other atomic mixtures. Finally, we discuss the performances of the UFF test developed for the free-fall (0-g) airplane in the ICE project (\verb"http://www.ice-space.fr"

    Pseudo-distances on symplectomorphism groups and applications to flux theory

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    Starting from a given norm on the vector space of exact 1-forms of a compact symplectic manifold, we produce pseudo-distances on its symplectomorphism group by generalizing an idea due to Banyaga. We prove that in some cases (which include Banyaga's construction), their restriction to the Hamiltonian diffeomorphism group is equivalent to the distance induced by the initial norm on exact 1-forms. We also define genuine "distances to the Hamiltonian diffeomorphism group" which we use to derive several consequences, mainly in terms of flux groups.Comment: 21 pages, no figure; v2. various typos corrected, some references added. Published in Mathematische Zeitschrif
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