38 research outputs found
Effects of a single aerobic exercise session on body image
Background and Objectives
Most research on the effects of exercise on body image has concentrated on the benefits of regular exercise. However, some research has indicated that exercise has an immediate impact on body image. The aims of this study were to investigate the immediate effects of aerobic exercise in a fitness class and the at-home environment on body image, and to examine the impact of nutritional status (i.e., normal weight vs. overweight/obesity) and exercise addiction on these changes.
Method
322 Hungarian women participated in the study with two different environmental conditions, fitness class condition (N = 155) and at-home video condition (N = 167). They completed the Body Appreciation Scale and Exercise Addiction Inventory before and after a one-hour aerobic exercise session. Self-report data on weight, height and exercise frequency were also collected.
Results
There were no significant differences between the fitness class and video groups in terms of age, educational level, BMI, body appreciation, exercise frequency and exercise addiction. We found that 7.5% (N = 24) of the participants were at risk for exercise addiction. Aerobic exercise had a significant positive effect on body appreciation (t(321) = 7.564, p < .001) independently from environment and nutritional status. Exercise addiction moderated the relationship between exercise and body image, the at risk for exercise addiction group showed the greatest improvement (F(1) = 3.252, p = .040).
Conclusion
The results indicate that even a one-hour aerobic exercise session has a positive effect on body image; this has important practical implications for intervention strategies and weight-loss treatments.
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Elméleti håttér és célkitƱzés
BĂĄr a legtöbb kutatĂĄs a rendszeres testedzĂ©s testkĂ©pre gyakorolt pozitĂv hatĂĄsĂĄra fĂłkuszĂĄl, nĂ©hĂĄny vizsgĂĄlat eredmĂ©nye a testedzĂ©s testkĂ©pre tett azonnali hatĂĄsĂĄra hĂvja fel a figyelmet. Jelen tanulmĂĄny cĂ©lja az aerobik edzĂ©s testkĂ©pre gyakorolt azonnali hatĂĄsĂĄnak vizsgĂĄlata fitnesztermi Ă©s otthoni edzĂ©si körĂŒlmĂ©nyek között, tovĂĄbbĂĄ a tĂĄplĂĄltsĂĄgi ĂĄllapot (normĂĄlis testsĂșly vs. tĂșlsĂșly/elhĂzĂĄs) Ă©s a testedzĂ©sfĂŒggĆsĂ©g potenciĂĄlis moderĂĄtor szerepĂ©nek vizsgĂĄlata az edzĂ©s Ă©s a testkĂ©p alakulĂĄsa közötti kapcsolatban.
MĂłdszer
A vizsgĂĄlatba aerobikedzĂ©st folytatĂł nĆket vontunk be (n = 322). A rĂ©sztvevĆk egyik rĂ©sze edzĆteremben folytatta a testgyakorlĂĄst (n = 155), mĂĄsik rĂ©sze otthon vĂ©gzett aerobik testedzĂ©st, video vagy DVD segĂtsĂ©gĂ©vel (n = 167).
MĂ©rĆeszközök
önbeszĂĄmolĂłval nyert testtömeg Ă©s testmagassĂĄg, a testedzĂ©s gyakorisĂĄgĂĄra vonatkozĂł kĂ©rdĂ©s, TestĂ©rtĂ©kelĂ©si SkĂĄla, TestedzĂ©s AddikciĂł KĂ©rdĆĂv. Az adatfelvĂ©tel az egyĂłrĂĄs testgyakorlĂĄst megelĆzĆen Ă©s azt követĆen törtĂ©nt.
Eredmények
Nem talĂĄltunk szignifikĂĄns kĂŒlönbsĂ©get az edzĆteremben Ă©s az otthonukban aerobik edzĂ©st folytatĂł nĆk között az Ă©letkor, az iskolai vĂ©gzettsĂ©g, a BMI, a testĂ©rtĂ©kelĂ©s, a testedzĂ©s gyakorisĂĄga Ă©s a testedzĂ©sfĂŒggĆsĂ©g tekintetĂ©ben. A vĂĄlaszadĂłk 7,5%-a (n = 24) esetĂ©ben jelenik meg a testedzĂ©sfĂŒggĆsĂ©g kockĂĄzata. Az egyĂłrĂĄs testedzĂ©s szignifikĂĄns, kedvezĆ hatĂĄst gyakorolt a testkĂ©pre (t(321) = 7,564; p < 0,001), amely hatĂĄs a testgyakorlĂĄs helyszĂnĂ©tĆl (edzĆterem vs. otthon) Ă©s a tĂĄplĂĄltsĂĄgi ĂĄllapottĂłl fĂŒggetlennek bizonyult. A testedzĂ©sfĂŒggĆsĂ©g azonban moderĂĄlta a testgyakorlĂĄs Ă©s a testkĂ©p vĂĄltozĂĄsĂĄnak kapcsolatĂĄt: a testedzĂ©st követĆen a testedzĂ©sfĂŒggĆsĂ©g szempontjĂĄbĂłl veszĂ©lyeztetett csoportban mutatkozott meg a legnagyobb mĂ©rtĂ©kƱ, pozitĂv irĂĄnyĂș vĂĄltozĂĄs a testkĂ©p tekintetĂ©ben (F(1) = 3,252; p = 0,040).
Következtetés
EredmĂ©nyeink arra utalnak, hogy akĂĄr egy egyĂłrĂĄs testgyakorlĂĄsnak is pozitĂv hatĂĄsa lehet a testkĂ©pre, amelynek jelentĆs gyakorlati implikĂĄciĂłi vannak a testsĂșlycsökkentĆ kezelĂ©sek szempontjĂĄbĂłl
Study of the Process e+ e- --> omega pi0 --> pi0 pi0 gamma in c.m. Energy Range 920--1380 MeV at CMD-2
The cross section of the process e+ e- --> omega pi0 --> pi0 pi0 gamma has
been measured in the c.m. energy range 920-1380 MeV with the CMD-2 detector.
Its energy dependence is well described by the interference of the rho(770) and
rho'(1450) mesons decaying to omega pi0. Upper limits for the cross sections of
the direct processes e+ e- --> pi0 pi0 gamma, eta pi0 gamma have been set.Comment: Accepted for publication in PL
Equilibria of Idealized Confined Astral Microtubules and Coupled Spindle Poles
Positioning of the mitotic spindle through the interaction of astral microtubules with the cell boundary often determines whether the cell division will be symmetric or asymmetric. This process plays a crucial role in development. In this paper, a numerical model is presented that deals with the force exerted on the spindle by astral microtubules that are bent by virtue of their confinement within the cell boundary. It is found that depending on parameters, the symmetric position of the spindle can be stable or unstable. Asymmetric stable equilibria also exist, and two or more stable positions can exist simultaneously. The theory poses new types of questions for experimental research. Regarding the cases of symmetric spindle positioning, it is necessary to ask whether the microtubule parameters are controlled by the cell so that the bending mechanics favors symmetry. If they are not, then it is necessary to ask what forces external to the microtubule cytoskeleton counteract the bending effects sufficiently to actively establish symmetry. Conversely, regarding the cases with asymmetry, it is now necessary to investigate whether the cell controls the microtubule parameters so that the bending favors asymmetry apart from any forces that are external to the microtubule cytoskeleton
INF2 promotes the formation of detyrosinated microtubules necessary for centrosome reorientation in T cells
T cell antigen receptor-proximal signaling components, Rho-family GTPases, and formin proteins DIA1 and FMNL1 have been implicated in centrosome reorientation to the immunological synapse of T lymphocytes. However, the role of these molecules in the reorientation process is not yet defined. Here we find that a subset of microtubules became rapidly stabilized and that their α-tubulin subunit posttranslationally detyrosinated after engagement of the T cell receptor. Formation of stabilized, detyrosinated microtubules required the formin INF2, which was also found to be essential for centrosome reorientation, but it occurred independently of T cell receptor-induced massive tyrosine phosphorylation. The FH2 domain, which was mapped as the INF2 region involved in centrosome repositioning, was able to mediate the formation of stable, detyrosinated microtubules and to restore centrosome translocation in DIA1-, FMNL1-, Rac1-, and Cdc42-deficient cells. Further experiments indicated that microtubule stabilization was required for centrosome polarization. Our work identifies INF2 and stable, detyrosinated microtubules as central players in centrosome reorientation in T cellsThis work was supported by grants BFU2009-07886 and CONSOLIDER COAT CSD2009-00016 to M.A. Alonso, and BFU2011-22859 to I. Correas (all of them from the Ministerio de EconomĂa y Competitividad, Spain), and grant S2010/BMD-2305 from the Comunidad de Madrid to I. Correa
How to integrate individual patient values and preferences in clinical practice guidelines? A research protocol
Background
Clinical practice guidelines are largely conceived as tools that will inform health professionals' decisions rather than foster patient involvement in decision making. The time now seems right to adapt clinical practice guidelines in such a way that both the professional's perspective as care provider and the patients' preferences and characteristics are being weighed equally in the decision-making process. We hypothesise that clinical practice guidelines can be adapted to facilitate the integration of individual patients' preferences in clinical decision making. This research protocol asks two questions: How should clinical practice guidelines be adapted to elicit patient preferences and to support shared decision making? What type of clinical decisions are perceived as most requiring consideration of individual patients' preferences rather than promoting a single best choice?
Methods
Stakeholders' opinions and ideas will be explored through an 18-month qualitative study. Data will be collected from in-depth individual interviews. A purposive sample of 20 to 25 key-informants will be selected among three groups of stakeholders: health professionals using guidelines (e.g., physicians, nurses); experts at the macro- and meso-level, including guideline and decision aids developers, policy makers, and researchers; and patient representatives. Ideas and recommendations expressed by stakeholders will be prioritized by nominal group technique in expert meetings.
Discussion
One-for-all guidelines do not account for differences in patients' characteristics and for their preferences for medical interventions and health outcomes, suggesting a need for flexible guidelines that facilitate patient involvement in clinical decision making. The question is how this can be achieved. This study is not about patient participation in guideline development, a closely related and important issue that does not however substitute for, or guarantee individual patient involvement in clinical decisions. The study results will provide the needed background for recommendations about potential effective and feasible strategies to ensure greater responsiveness of clinical practice guidelines to individual patient's preferences in clinical decision-making
Study of the Process e+ e- --> pi0 pi0 gamma in c.m. Energy Range 600--970 MeV at CMD-2
The cross section of the process e+ e- --> pi0 pi0 gamma has been measured in
the c.m. energy range 600--970 MeV with the CMD-2 detector. The following
branching ratios have been determined: B(rho --> pi0 pi0 gamma)
=(5.2^{+1.5}_{-1.3} +- 0.6)x10^{-5} and B(omega --> pi0 pi0 gamma)
=(6.4^{+2.4}_{-2.0} +- 0.8)x10^{-5}. Evidence for the rho --> f0(600) gamma
decay has been obtained: B(rho --> f0(600) gamma) = (6.0^{+3.3}_{-2.7}\pm
0.9)x10^{-5}. From a search for the process e+ e- --> eta pi0 gamma the
following upper limit has been obtained: B(omega --> eta pi0 gamma) < 3.3
10^{-5} at 90% CL.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure
Does South Africa need a Bayh-Dole Act? Possible dangers of university patenting in light of the United Statesâ experience
The Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research and Development Act 51 of 2008 promotes patenting and commercialisation of state-funded science. The Act is similar in scope and objective to the American Bayh-Dole Act. This article explores some of the problems created or exacerbated by the Bayh-Dole Act. Traditionally, American innovation was based on a philosophy of open science. Universities conducted basic foundational research which was freely available to others who wanted to commercialise and build on it, or use it for further scientific research. The Bayh-Dole Act changed the model of science to a proprietary model. One of the problems this created was increased patenting of foundational research tools such as genes and cell-lines, which follow-on researchers require for their own research. Sometimes, research has been blocked or impeded by an inability to obtain research licences to patented research on reasonable terms. The Act has also had a negative effect on scientific collaboration and publishing. The article examines whether South Africaâs Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research and Development Act has been able to avoid the most serious of the Bayh-Dole pitfalls.Lesse uit Bayh-Dole: Gedagtes oor Wet 51 van 2008Wet 51 van 2008 bevorder die patentering en kommersialisering van die wetenskap wat met publieke fondse bedryf word. Wat betref sy omvang en oogmerke lyk die Wet soortgelyk aan die Amerikaanse Bayh-Dole Wet. Hierdie bydrae verken sommige van die probleme wat geskep is of versterk word deur die Bayh-Dole Wet. In Amerika is innovering tradisioneel gebaseer op die sogenaamde âopen scienceâ-filosofie. Die grondliggende navorsing wat by universiteite bedryf is, was vryelik beskikbaar vir diegene wat dit in die handelswese wou gebruik, of daarop wou voortbou, of dit wou gebruik vir verdere wetenskaplike navorsing. Die Bayh-Dole Wet omskep hierdie wetenskaplike model in ân eiendomsregtelike model. Een van die probleme wat hierdeur veroorsaak is, is die toename in patentering van basiese navorsingsmiddels, soos gene en sel-linies. Navorsers in die navolging vereis sulke middels vir hul eie navorsing. Soms word sulke navorsing belemmer deur die onvermoĂ« van die navorsers om lisensies te verkry om gepatenteerde navorsing op redelike terme te kan gebruik. Die Wet het ook ân negatiewe impak op wetenskaplike samewerking en publikasie van navorsing gehad. Hierdie bydrae ondersoek of Wet 51 van 2008 die ernstigste van die Bayh-Dole valstrikke vermy