Transcriptome analyses throughout chili pepper fruit development reveal novel insights into the domestication process

Chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) is an important crop, as well as a model for fruit development studies and domestication. Here, we performed a time-course experiment to estimate standardized gene expression profiles with respect to fruit development for six domesticated and four wild chili pepper ancestors. We sampled the transcriptomes every 10 days from flowering to fruit maturity, and found that the mean standardized expression profiles for domesticated and wild accessions significantly differed. The mean standardized expression was higher and peaked earlier for domesticated vs. wild genotypes, particularly for genes involved in the cell cycle that ultimately control fruit size. We postulate that these gene expression changes are driven by selection pressures during domestication and show a robust network of cell cycle genes with a time shift in expression, which explains some of the differences between domesticated and wild phenotypes

Mediated Diasporas: Material Translations of the Philippines in a Globalized World

Recent work demonstrates the ways that new media and ICTs both in the Philippines and among Filipino diasporans have become central to contemporary processes of identity formation, altering and enabling the articulation of alternative selves and expanding spatially Filipino national identifications and definitions of ‘home’ (Pertierra 2002, 2006, 2010 Tyner and Kuhlke 2000, Ignacio 2005). While attending to media in the specific sense of particular social technologies of mass communication, we extend that work here drawing together new empirical studies both to demonstrate the various ways that a wide range of differently situated migrants make use of those media and by considering processes of mediation in a much broader sense (Mazzarella 2004), an approach that draws together both an analysis of the ‘materialities of migration’ (Basu and Coleman 2008) and ‘the technics of translation’ (Rafael 2005)

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

Contains fulltext : 172380.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access

Aproximação In silico á evolução da família de genes que compõem o receptor ionotrópico de Glutamato em quatro espécies de primatas.

Man as a species has a brain unique in analysis capabilities due to its structure and organizational patterns that are presumably the basis of intelligence and the ability to manipulate the environment. Additionally, the development and evolution of the brain respond underlying genetic processes. Objective. To present an approach to the evolutionary process of the iGluR with the maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (By) phylogenetic analysis methods. Materials and methods. we used in silico methods to propose a model of molecular evolution and to do a qualitative recognition of synteny blocks for these genes in different species of primates (chimpanzee, orangutan, rhesus monkey and man). Results. Glutamate is the main neurotransmitter and plays an important role in neuronal plasticity and neurotoxicity. Neurotransmission via glutamate is mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR) NMDA type and non-NMDA type (AMPA and KA). For every phylogenetic inference, we confirmed that the iGluRs of mammals could have evolved from a primitive signaling mechanism, thus explaining similar clusters between some species of primates and rodents. Conclusion. The NR-2 sequences have been exposed to a purifying selection, and the neutral level of divergence is faster in primates than in rodents, however further studies are needed to confirm these theories of evolution. Key words: evolution in gene families, phylogenetic inference of ML and By, iGluR, AMPA, KA, NMDA.El hombre como especie posee un cerebro único en capacidades de análisis por su estructura y patrones de organización que presumiblemente sonla base de la inteligencia y la habilidad de manipular el entorno. Adicionalmente, el desarrollo y la evolución del cerebro responden los procesos genéticos subyacentes. Objetivo. Presentar una aproximación al proceso evolutivo de los iGluR con el método filogenético de máxima verosimilitud (ML) y bayesiano (By). Materiales y métodos. Para lo cual se emplean métodos in silico que permiten plantearun modelo de evolución moleculary el reconocimiento cualitativo de los bloques de sintenia, para estos genes en las especies deprimates (chimpancé, orangután, mono rhesus y hombre). Resultados.El Glutamato es el principal neurotransmisor y juega un papel importante en la plasticidad neuronal y la neurotoxicidad. La neurotransmisión vía glutamato es mediada por los receptores ionotrópicos de Glutamato (iGluR) tipo NMDA y no-NMDA (AMPA y KA). Se tiene que por cada inferencia filogenética obtenida,se confirma que los iGluR de los mamíferos podrían haber evolucionado a partir de un mecanismo más primitivo de señalización, por lo cual se presentan agrupaciones similares entre algunas especies de primates con roedores Conclusión: Las secuencias de NR-2 han permanecido en unaselección purificadora, y que la escala de divergencia neutral es más rápida en los primates que en los roedores; sin embargo es necesario aplicar otros estudios para confirman estas teorías de evolución.Palabras clave: evolución en familias génicas, inferencia filogenética de ML y By, iGluR, AMPA, KA, NMDA.O homem como espécie tem um cérebro único em capacidades de análise por sua estrutura e padrões de organização que, presumivelmente, são a base da inteligência e da capacidade de manipular o meio ambiente. Além ao desenvolvimento e a evolução do cérebro, respondem os processos genéticos subjacentes. Objetivo. Apresentar uma aproximação ao processo evolutivo dos iGluR com o método filogenético de máxima verossimilhança (ML) e bayesiano (By.) Materiais e métodos. Foram empregados métodos in silico que permitem apresentar um modelo de evolução molecular e o reconhecimento qualitativo dos blocos de sintenia, para estes genes das espécies de primatas (chimpanzé, orangotango, o macaco rhesus e o homem). Resultados. O Glutamato é o principal neurotransmissor e desempenha um importante papel na plasticidade neuronal e na neurotoxicidade. A neurotransmissão via Glutamato é mediada pelos receptores ionotrópicos de Glutamato (iGluR) do tipo NMDA e no-NMDA (AMPA e KA). Foi observado que por cada inferência filogenética obtida, confirma-se que os iGluR dos mamíferos poderiam ter evoluído a partir de um mecanismo mais primitivo de sinalização, pelo qual se apresentam agrupações semelhantes entre algumas espécies de primatas com roedores. Conclusão. As seqüências de NR-2 têm permanecido numa seleção purificadora, e que a escala de divergência neutral é mais rápida em primatas do que em roedores; embora, é necessario realizar outras pesquisas para confirmar estas teorias da evolução. Palavras-chave: evolução em família génicas, inferência filogenética de ML y By, iGluR, AMPA, KA, NMDA

Aproximação In silico á evolução da família de genes que compõem o receptor ionotrópico de Glutamato em quatro espécies de primatas.

Man as a species has a brain unique in analysis capabilities due to its structure and organizational patterns that are presumably the basis of intelligence and the ability to manipulate the environment. Additionally, the development and evolution of the brain respond underlying genetic processes. Objective. To present an approach to the evolutionary process of the iGluR with the maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (By) phylogenetic analysis methods. Materials and methods. we used in silico methods to propose a model of molecular evolution and to do a qualitative recognition of synteny blocks for these genes in different species of primates (chimpanzee, orangutan, rhesus monkey and man). Results. Glutamate is the main neurotransmitter and plays an important role in neuronal plasticity and neurotoxicity. Neurotransmission via glutamate is mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR) NMDA type and non-NMDA type (AMPA and KA). For every phylogenetic inference, we confirmed that the iGluRs of mammals could have evolved from a primitive signaling mechanism, thus explaining similar clusters between some species of primates and rodents. Conclusion. The NR-2 sequences have been exposed to a purifying selection, and the neutral level of divergence is faster in primates than in rodents, however further studies are needed to confirm these theories of evolution. Key words: evolution in gene families, phylogenetic inference of ML and By, iGluR, AMPA, KA, NMDA.El hombre como especie posee un cerebro único en capacidades de análisis por su estructura y patrones de organización que presumiblemente sonla base de la inteligencia y la habilidad de manipular el entorno. Adicionalmente, el desarrollo y la evolución del cerebro responden los procesos genéticos subyacentes. Objetivo. Presentar una aproximación al proceso evolutivo de los iGluR con el método filogenético de máxima verosimilitud (ML) y bayesiano (By). Materiales y métodos. Para lo cual se emplean métodos in silico que permiten plantearun modelo de evolución moleculary el reconocimiento cualitativo de los bloques de sintenia, para estos genes en las especies deprimates (chimpancé, orangután, mono rhesus y hombre). Resultados.El Glutamato es el principal neurotransmisor y juega un papel importante en la plasticidad neuronal y la neurotoxicidad. La neurotransmisión vía glutamato es mediada por los receptores ionotrópicos de Glutamato (iGluR) tipo NMDA y no-NMDA (AMPA y KA). Se tiene que por cada inferencia filogenética obtenida,se confirma que los iGluR de los mamíferos podrían haber evolucionado a partir de un mecanismo más primitivo de señalización, por lo cual se presentan agrupaciones similares entre algunas especies de primates con roedores Conclusión: Las secuencias de NR-2 han permanecido en unaselección purificadora, y que la escala de divergencia neutral es más rápida en los primates que en los roedores; sin embargo es necesario aplicar otros estudios para confirman estas teorías de evolución.Palabras clave: evolución en familias génicas, inferencia filogenética de ML y By, iGluR, AMPA, KA, NMDA.O homem como espécie tem um cérebro único em capacidades de análise por sua estrutura e padrões de organização que, presumivelmente, são a base da inteligência e da capacidade de manipular o meio ambiente. Além ao desenvolvimento e a evolução do cérebro, respondem os processos genéticos subjacentes. Objetivo. Apresentar uma aproximação ao processo evolutivo dos iGluR com o método filogenético de máxima verossimilhança (ML) e bayesiano (By.) Materiais e métodos. Foram empregados métodos in silico que permitem apresentar um modelo de evolução molecular e o reconhecimento qualitativo dos blocos de sintenia, para estes genes das espécies de primatas (chimpanzé, orangotango, o macaco rhesus e o homem). Resultados. O Glutamato é o principal neurotransmissor e desempenha um importante papel na plasticidade neuronal e na neurotoxicidade. A neurotransmissão via Glutamato é mediada pelos receptores ionotrópicos de Glutamato (iGluR) do tipo NMDA e no-NMDA (AMPA e KA). Foi observado que por cada inferência filogenética obtida, confirma-se que os iGluR dos mamíferos poderiam ter evoluído a partir de um mecanismo mais primitivo de sinalização, pelo qual se apresentam agrupações semelhantes entre algumas espécies de primatas com roedores. Conclusão. As seqüências de NR-2 têm permanecido numa seleção purificadora, e que a escala de divergência neutral é mais rápida em primatas do que em roedores; embora, é necessario realizar outras pesquisas para confirmar estas teorias da evolução. Palavras-chave: evolução em família génicas, inferência filogenética de ML y By, iGluR, AMPA, KA, NMDA

An overview of non-isolated hybrid switched-capacitor step-up DC–DC converters

The increasing interest in renewable energy sources has brought attention to large voltage-gain dc–dc converters; among the different available solutions to perform a large voltage-gain conversion, this article presents an overview of non-isolated dc–dc converter topologies that utilize switched-capacitor circuits, i.e., diode-capacitors voltage multipliers. The review includes combinations of a traditional power stage with a diode-capacitor-based voltage multiplier, such as the multilevel boost converter. This article starts by reviewing switched-capacitor (SC) circuits, different topologies, and different types of charge exchange; it provides a straightforward analysis to understand the discharging losses. It then covers the multilevel boost converter and other topologies recently introduced to the state-of-the-art. Special attention is put on SC circuits with resonant charge interchange that have recently been probed to achieve very good efficiency. An additional contribution of the article is new proof of the discharging losses in resonant switched-capacitor circuits focused on the initial and final stored energy in capacitors, and this proof explains the relatively large efficiency obtained with SC resonant converters

“In Silico” Characterization of 3-Phytase A And 3-Phytase B from Aspergillus niger

Phytases are used for feeding monogastric animals, because they hydrolyze phytic acid generating inorganic phosphate. Aspergillus niger 3-phytase A (PDB: 3K4Q) and 3-phytase B (PDB: 1QFX) were characterized using bioinformatic tools. Results showed that both enzymes have highly conserved catalytic pockets, supporting their classification as histidine acid phosphatases. 2D structures consist of 43% alpha-helix, 12% beta-sheet, and 45% others and 38% alpha-helix, 12% beta-sheet, and 50% others, respectively, and pI 4.94 and 4.60, aliphatic index 72.25 and 70.26 and average hydrophobicity of −0,304 and −0.330, respectively, suggesting aqueous media interaction. Glycosylation and glycation sites allowed detecting zones that can affect folding and biological activity, suggesting fragmentation. Docking showed that H59 and H63 act as nucleophiles and that D339 and D319 are proton donor residues. MW of 3K4Q (48.84 kDa) and 1QFX (50.78 kDa) is similar; 1QFX forms homodimers which will originate homotetramers with several catalytic center accessible to the ligand. 3K4Q is less stable (instability index 45.41) than 1QFX (instability index 33.66), but the estimated lifespan for 3K4Q is superior. Van der Waals interactions generate hydrogen bonds between the active center and O2 or H of the phytic acid phosphate groups, providing greater stability to these temporal molecular interactions.PubMedScopu