La naturaleza del aprendizaje: Usando la investigación para inspirar la práctica

Esta publicación es una adaptación del documento originalmente publicado en inglés en el 2010 por la OCDE con el título The Nature of Learning: Using Research to Inspire Practice (editado por Hanna Dumont, David Istance y Francisco Benavides). Esta publicación incluye la traducción por la OIE-UNESCO y UNICEF LACRO de los capítulos 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 y 11, un resumen ejecutivo, un resumen de cuatro capítulos que no fueron traducidos en su totalidad por no adecuarse específicamente a la realidad de América Latina y el Caribe, así como un nuevo capítulo sobre América Latina. La calidad de la traducción y su coherencia con el texto en lengua original son responsabilidad exclusiva del autor de la traducción. En caso de discrepancia entre la obra original y la traducción, sólo el texto de la obra original se considerará como válido. Las opiniones expresadas y los argumentos aquí expuestos no reflejan necesariamente los puntos de vista oficiales de los países miembros de la OCDE, de la UNESCO o de UNICEF

Habilidades y competencias del siglo XXI para los aprendices del nuevo milenio en los países de la OCDE

Examina cuestiones relacionadas con la enseñanza y evaluación de las habilidades y competencias del siglo XXI en los países que forman parte de la OCDE a partir de los hallazgos del cuestionario y de otro material de referencia como los libros blancos y los currículos. En concreto, la sección 2 ofrece una breve visión general de las definiciones y marcos para tales habilidades y competencias, así como los debates en torno a su importancia. Basado en parte en este punto, la sección 3 propone un nuevo marco teórico para las habilidades del siglo XXI. El estudio, llevado a cabo por la Secretaría del CERI, y sus principales resultados se presentan en la sección 4. La sección 5 ofrece las principales ideas y conclusiones que surgen del análisis de los cuestionarios mientras que la sección 6 presenta las cuestiones que favorecen el debate, la discusión y la investigación ulterior

Regular computer users perform better in key school subjects, OECD study shows

Según el informe, aunque hay aún una cantidad considerable de estudiantes que tienen pocas oportunidades para usar los ordenadores, queda claro que consiguen mejores resultados en las asignaturas si los emplean. Y más todavía, los estudiantes de matemáticas que emplean PCs durante unos cuantos años en sus estudios obtienen mejores calificaciones que aquellos que los han utilizado poco tiempo por lo que tenderán a retrasarse respecto sus compañeros de curso. Por otra parte, tanto las chicas como los chicos tienen las mismas oportunidades de acceso a los ordenadores escolares, pero a pesar de que en las escuelas se dispone cada vez de más ordenadores, los estudiantes de quince años los utilizan más en su casa. Al respecto hay que destacar que los estudiantes usan los PC en casa "para muchas funciones y no sólo para jugar". "La mitad de los estudiantes encuestados decían hacer un uso frecuente de los procesadores de textos i de Internet como una herramienta de búsqueda de información"

Modernizando o emprego público

Os países da Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) têm algo em comum quando se fala das particularidades de governo: um consistente núcleo de serviço público, ou seja, uma burocracia controlada centralmente, formada por pessoas que trabalham para os negócios de governo em ministérios, órgãos e agências com estruturas e sistemas próprios. Estabilidade – ou o chamado emprego para toda a vida – e um regime especial são as características tradicionais do serviço público. Nas últimas décadas, entretanto, diversas áreas do serviço público perderam essa distinção, porque, com os processos de reforma, um número significativo de funções públicas passaram para o setor privado. Assim, muitas das suposições sobre como o serviço público funciona não são mais verdadeiras.Revista do Serviço Público - RSP, v. 56, n. 4, p. 419-428Administração PúblicaISSN Impresso: 0034-9240ISSN Eletrônico: 2357-8017Este artigo foi publicado originalmente pela OCDE, em inglês e francês, com os títulos: “Policy brief : Public sector modernisation: modernising public employment”; “Synthèse : la modernisation du secteur public: moderniser l’emploi public”.OECD, 2004. All rights reserved. A qualidade da tradução para o português e sua coerência com o texto original é de responsabilidade da ENAP Escola Nacional de Administração Pública. Tradução: Mônica Lúcia R. Fernandes

International energy trends. 3rd quarter 1977 and recent trends

For the first three quarters of 1977 energy consumption in OECD countries was 2.7% higher than for the same period in 1976. During the same period industrial production rose by 4.5% and gross domestic product by 4.0%. Thus energy growth remained low in relation to economic activity. This was the case particularly in Europe (0.6% in energy and 2.0% in GDP) and in Japan (3.6% in energy and 6.5% in GDP). In the OECD area coal consumption rose by 1.2% and oil consumption by 3.7%

Promoting access to public research data for scientific, economic, and social development

It is now commonplace to say that information and communications technologies are rapidly transforming the world of research. We are only beginning to recognize, however, that management of the scientific enterprise must adapt if we, as a society, are to take full advantage of the knowledge and understanding generated by researchers. One of the most important areas of information and communication technology (ICT)-driven change is the emergence of escience, briefly described as universal desktop access, via the Internet, to distributed resources, global collaboration, and the intellectual, analytical, and investigative output of the world’s scientific community.The vision of e-science is being realised in relation to the outputs of science, particularly journal articles and other forms of scholarly publication. This realisation extends less to research data, the raw material at the heart of the scientific process and the object of significant annual public investments.Ensuring research data are easily accessible, so that they can be used as often and as widely as possible, is a matter of sound stewardship of public resources. Moreover, as research becomes increasingly global, there is a growing need to systematically address data access and sharing issues beyond national jurisdictions. The goals of this report and its recommendations are to ensure that both researchers and the public receive optimum returns on the public investments in research, and to build on the value chain of investments in research and research data. To some extent, research data are shared today, often quite extensively within established networks, using both the latest technology and innovative management techniques. The Follow Up Group drew on the experiences of several of these networks to examine the roles and responsibilities of governments as they relate to data produced from publicly funded research. The objective was to seek good practices that can be used by national governments, international bodies, and scientists in other areas of research. In doing so, the Group developed an analytical framework for determining where further improvements can be made in the national and international organization, management, and regulation of research data.The findings and recommendations presented here are based on the central principle that publicly funded research data should be openly available to the maximum extent possible. Availability should be subject only to national security restrictions; protection of confidentiality and privacy; intellectual property rights; and time-limited exclusive use by principal investigators. Publicly funded research data are a public good, produced in the public interest. As such they should remain in the public realm. This does not preclude the subsequent commercialization of research results in patents and copyrights, or of the data themselves in databases, but it does mean that a copy of the data must be maintained and made openly accessible. Implicitly or explicitly, this principle is recognized by many of the world’s leading scientific institutions, organizations, andagencies. Expanding the adoption of this principle to national and international stages will enable researchers, empower citizens and convey tremendous scientific, economic, and social benefits. Evidence from the case studies and from other investigation undertaken for this report suggest that successful research data access and sharing arrangements, or regimes, share a number of key attributes and operating principles. These bring effective organization and management to the distribution and exchange of data. The key attributes include: openness; transparency of access and active dissemination; the assignment and assumption of formal responsibilities; interoperability; quality control; operational efficiency and flexibility; respect for private intellectual property and other ethical and legal matters; accountability; and professionalism. Whether they are discipline-specific or issue oriented, national or international, the regimes that adhere to these operating principles reap the greatest returns from the use of research data. There are five broad groups of issues that stand out in any examination of research data access and sharing regimes. The Follow Up Group used these as an analytical framework for examining the case studies that informed this report, and in doing so, came to several broad conclusions: • Technological issues: Broad access to research data, and their optimum exploitation, requires appropriately designed technological infrastructure, broad international agreement on interoperability, and effective data quality controls; • Institutional and managerial issues: While the core open access principle applies to all science communities, the diversity of the scientific enterprise suggests that a variety of institutional models and tailored data management approaches are most effective in meeting the needs of researchers; • Financial and budgetary issues: Scientific data infrastructure requires continued, and dedicated, budgetary planning and appropriate financial support. The use of research data cannot be maximized if access, management, and preservation costs are an add-on or after-thought in research projects; • Legal and policy issues: National laws and international agreements directly affect data access and sharing practices, despite the fact that they are often adopted without due consideration of the impact on the sharing of publicly funded research data; • Cultural and behavioural issues: Appropriate reward structures are a necessary component for promoting data access and sharing practices. These apply to both those who produce and those who manage research data.The case studies and other research conducted for this report suggest that concrete, beneficial actions can be taken by the different actors involved in making possible access to, and sharing of, publicly funded research data. This includes the OECD as an international organization with credibility and stature in the science policy area. The Follow Up Group recommends that the OECD consider the following: • Put the issues of data access and sharing on the agenda of the next Ministerial meeting; • In conjunction with relevant member country research organizations, o Conduct or coordinate a study to survey national laws and policies that affect data access and sharing practices; o Conduct or coordinate a study to compile model licensing agreements and templates for access to and sharing of publicly funded data; • With the rapid advances in scientific communications made possible by recent developments in ICTs, there are many aspects of research data access and sharing that have not been addressed sufficiently by this report, would benefit from further study, and will need further clarification. Accordingly, further possible actions areas include: o Governments from OECD expand their policy frameworks of research data access and sharing to include data produced from a mixture of public and private funds; o OECD consider examinations of research data access and sharing to include issues of interacting with developing countries; and o OECD promote further research, including a comprehensive economic analysis of existing data access regimes, at both the national and research project or program levels.National governments have a crucial role to play in promoting and supporting data accessibility since they provide the necessary resources, establish overall polices for data management, regulate matters such as the protection of confidentiality and privacy, and determine restrictions based on national security. Most importantly, national governments are responsible for major research support and funding organizations, and it is here that many of the managerial aspects ofdata sharing need to be addressed. Drawing on good practices worldwide, the Follow Up Group suggests that national governments should consider the following: • Adopt and effectively implement the principle that data produced from publicly funded research should be openly vailable to the maximum extent possible; • Encourage their research funding agencies and major data producing departments to work together to find ways to enhance access to statistical data, such as census materials and surveys; • Adopt free access or marginal cost pricing policies for the dissemination of researchuseful data produced by government departments and agencies; • Analyze, assess, and monitor policies, programs, and management practices related to data access and sharing polices within their national research and research funding organizations. The widespread national, international and cross-disciplinary sharing of research data is no longer a technological impossibility. Technology itself, however, will not fulfill the promise of escience.Information and communication technologies provide the physical infrastructure. It is up to national governments, international agencies, research institutions, and scientists themselves to ensure that the institutional, financial and economic, legal, and cultural and behavioural aspects of data sharing are taken into account

Regards sur l\u27éducation 2022

Ces deux dernières décennies, le pourcentage de jeunes diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire a fortement augmenté dans les pays de l’OCDE : 48 % des 24-34 ans sont diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire selon les chiffres de 2021, contre 27 % à peine en 2000. Cette progression s’explique par la demande en hausse de compétences de pointe sur le marché du travail et a de grandes implications pour nos sociétés et l’avenir de l’éducation. La pandémie de COVID-19 a montré que l’élévation du niveau de formation était l’une des meilleures protections contre les risques économiques : au plus fort de l’épidémie, le chômage a nettement plus augmenté chez les non-diplômés du deuxième cycle de l’enseignement secondaire que chez les diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire. C’est à peu de choses près ce qui s’est produit au lendemain de la crise financière de 2008. Adopter de nouvelles applications technologiques qui améliorent la qualité de la vie peut aussi être moins ardu avec un certain bagage. Il apparaît par exemple que dans le groupe d’âge 55-74 ans, 71 % des diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire ont passé des appels téléphoniques ou vidéo en ligne pendant la pandémie, ce qui leur a permis de rester en contact avec leur famille et leur cercle d’amis et les a protégés de l’isolement social. À titre de comparaison, 34 % seulement des non-diplômés du deuxième cycle de l’enseignement secondaire disent en avoir fait autant dans ce groupe d’âge. Cette année, Regards sur l’éducation analyse en particulier ce que ces changements impliquent pour l’enseignement tertiaire

Uranium : resources production and demand

In August 1965, a report entitled "World Uranium and Thorium Resources" was published by the European Nuclear Energy Agency, on the basis of an examination carried out by the ENEA Study Group on the Long-Term Role of Nuclear Energy in Western Europe. It was foreseen at the time of publication that the results of this examination would need to be updated at intervals, and inDecember 1967 a second report, "Uranium Resources, Revised Estimates" was published. In order to enlarge the geographical coverage of the study, and to receive the advice of experts from uranium-producing countries outside the OECD area, this revision was made jointly with the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. During 1968 a joint ENEA/IAEA Working Party prepared a first report on "Uranium Production and Short Term Demand", in an attempt to relate information on uranium production supplied by the members of the Working Party, with a prediction of the probable demand over the next ten years. The report was published in January 1969. In September 1970 a report on "Uranium Resources, Production and Demand" was published jointly by ENEA and the IAEA. This reportcontained an updating of the uranium resources position since 1967 which was again carried out by the joint ENEA/IAEA Working Party on Uranium Resources. In addition, the Secretariat had prepared estimates of uranium and separative work requirements which were annexed to the report.The present report is essentially similar to the previous one, in that it contains updated information on uranium resources, production and demand. Part II on Uranium Resources and Production was prepared in the framework of the joint NEA*/IAEA Working Party on Uranium Resources, as was the case in the three foregoing reports* The estimates of requirements for natural and enriched uranium, contained in Part III of the Report, have been prepared by a "Working Party on Uranium Demand", with an international membership set up for this purpose in spring 1972 by the NEA Study Group on the Long-Term Role of Nuclear Energy. As a result of this approach the estimates for uranium and separative work demand are based on corporately agreed input data, and the scope of the demand calculations has been extended considerably through access to relevant computer programs in several participating countries

Polyfire project- an example of an industrial research project promoting safe industrial production of fire-resistant nanocomposites

New developments based on nanotechnology have to guarantee safe products and processes to be accepted by society. The Polyfire project will develop and scale-up techniques for processing halogen-free, fire-retardant nanocomposite materials and coatings based on unsaturated polyester resins and organoclays. The project includes a work package that will assess the Health and Environmental impacts derived from the manipulation of nanoparticles. This work package includes the following tasks: (1) Identification of Health and Environment Impacts derived from the processes, (2) Experimentation to study specific Nanoparticle Emissions, (3) Development of a Risk Management Methodology for the process, and (4) A Comparison of the Health and Environmental Impact of New and Existing Materials. To date, potential exposure scenarios to nanomaterials have been identified through the development of a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) of the new production processes. In the next step, these scenarios will be studied and simulated to evaluate potential emissions of nanomaterials. Polyfire is a collaborative European project, funded by the European Commission 7th Framework Programme (Grant Agreement No 229220). It features 11 partners from 5 countries (5 SMEs, 3 research institutes, 2 large companies, 1 association) and runs for three years (1st September 2009 – 31st August 2012). This project is an example of an industrial research development which aims to introduce to the market new products promoting the safe use of nanomaterials

Convención para combatir el cohecho de servidores públicos extranjeros en transacciones comerciales internacionales : y documentos relacionados

La aprobación de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción dejará bien claro que la comunidad internacional está decidida a impedir la corrupción y a luchar contra ella. Y reiterará la importancia de valores fundamentales como la honestidad, el respeto del estado de derecho, la obligación de rendir cuentas y la transparencia para fomentar el desarrollo y hacer que nuestro mundo sea un lugar mejor para todos