规范功能主义视域下的知识论——简论知识论中的匹兹堡学派

在塞拉斯(WIlfrId SEllArS)拒斥“给予神话“之后,在匹兹堡大学以塞拉斯、麦克道威尔(JOHn MCdOWEll)与布兰顿(rObErT brAndOM)等人为核心逐渐形成了匹兹堡学派,匹兹堡学派的基本特征是规范功能主义(nOrMATIVE funCTIOnAlISM)。~([1])匹兹堡学派通过解读塞拉斯的《经验主义与心灵哲学》,重构了经验内容,对知识提出了一些新的见解,并尝试寻找一种新的知识的方法。国家社会科学基金项目“‘元哲学'研究”(10BZX047); 教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“经验与先验——知识论的基础问题研究”(09YJA720017)的阶段性成

Simultaneous Determination of Five Catechins and Caffeine in Tea by HPLC and Differentiation of Teas by Cluster Analysis

建立高效液相色谱/二极管阵列检测器(HPLC/DAD)同时测定茶叶中(-)-没食子儿茶素(GC),(-)-表没食子儿茶素(EGC),(-)-表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG),(-)-表儿茶素(EC),(-)-表儿茶素没食子酸酯(ECG),咖啡碱(caffeine)6种组分的分析方法,并采用聚类分析探讨以这6种活性成分为指标对茶叶进行分类的方法。采用C18柱,甲醇和0.05%三氟乙酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,DAD双波长(210、278 nm)同时检测,采用标准物质保留时间和电喷雾飞行时间质谱(ESI TOF-MS)双重定性。结果表明,各组分的色谱峰均达到基线分离,在210 nm对(-)-没食子儿茶素(GC)定量,278 nm对其它组分定量准确。该法重复性好,灵敏度高,回收率高,已用于不同种类的33种实际茶叶样品的测定。以这6种活性成分的含量为指标,采用聚类分析法可对33个红茶、黑茶、绿茶、乌龙茶样本进行合理分类,并能反映茶叶品质的差异。A method was developed for simultaneous determination of five catechins((-)-gallocatechin,(-)-epigallocatechin,(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate,(-)-epicatechin,(-)-epicatechingallate) and caffeine by HPLC with diode array detection(DAD).The tea extract was separated on a C18 column which was then eluted with methanol and 0.05% trifuoroacetic acid solution in gradient elution mode.The chromatograms were simultaneously detected by DAD at λ210 nm for(-)-gallocatechin(GC) and at λ278 nm for the other components.Time of flight mass spectroscopy(TOF-MS) was used for qualitative analysis of real tea sample,the results showed that five catechins and caffeine were baseline separated,indicating that the six components could be determined accurately.The method has been used to determine the catechins and caffeine in 33 tea samples with satisfactory results.Cluster analysis has been used to classify 33 tea samples reasonably and to differentiate the qualities of the tea by using the concentrations of the six components as indices.青岛“2004将才计划”(04-3-JJ-11);; 崂山区崂山茶标准化技术研究(LS-05-KJ1-40

Determination of Pseudostellarin B in Pseudostellaria heterophylla by HPCE and Study on Its Fingerprints Analysis

建立了测定太子参中环肽Pseudostellarin B含量的高效毛细管电泳(HPCE)分析方法,对10种不同产地太子参中环肽Pseudostellarin B的含量进行了测定。HPCE工作条件:采用未涂层熔融石英毛细管(内径75μm,有效长度50cm),分离电压为15kV,柱温20℃,二极管阵列检测器(DAD)检测波长为203nm,缓冲液为20mmol/L硼砂(pH=9.3)溶液。在选定的工作条件下,环肽Pseudostellarin B浓度与其响应信号值之间具有较好的线性相关性(Y=0.6357X+2.546,R=0.9985),加标回收率在93.8%~105.6%之间。在此基础上进行了太子参HPCE指纹图谱研究,采用中药指纹图谱相似度计算软件对不同太子参样品的HPCE指纹图谱进行相似度计算,以系统生成的对照指纹图谱为对照模板,10份样品中有8份的相似度在0.90以上,说明该方法可用于太子参质量控制。A modern HPCE analysis method was developed for determinating cyclic peptide Pseudostellarin B in Pseudostellaria heterophylla(Miq.) Pax.Separation and determination were carried out by HPCE under the following conditions: bared fused silica capillary (50 cm×75 μm i.d.),20 mmol/L borate (pH=9.3)as buffer,the run voltage is +15 kV,detection length of UV at 203 nm,and column temperature of 20 ℃.The results indicated that the developed method was simple,accurate and reliable for the determination of Pseudostellarin B with a good linearity(Y=0.6357X+2.546,R=0.9985),and the recovery ranges of 93.8%～105.6%.Based on this method,the HPCE fingerprints of Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax were established.The fingerprints were compared by the software of the similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint.The fingerprint congruence coefficients of 8 electropherograms in 10 were above 0.90.The method of HPCE fingerprint is reliable and accurate.国家自然科学基金项目(20235020);; 国家科技部攻关项目(2003BA759C

Effect of Yuhan Nuanwei Cream Acupoints Stiking Therapy on Gastric Mucosa TNF-α,PCNA of Mice with Chronic Atrophic Gastritis

目的:研究御寒暖胃膏贴敷胃经穴对慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)大鼠胃黏膜肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达的影响,探讨御寒暖胃膏贴敷胃经穴对慢性萎缩性胃炎癌前病变CAG大鼠胃黏膜损伤修复的作用机制。方法:大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、御寒暖胃膏贴敷胃经穴组、药物对照组,采用综合干预方法复制慢性萎缩性胃炎癌前病变大鼠模型,肉眼下观察大鼠胃黏膜损伤指数,光镜下观察胃黏膜组织的病理变化,采用酶联免疫分析法测定胃黏膜细胞中TNF-α、PCNA的表达水平。结果:与正常组比较,模型组的大鼠胃黏膜组织病理学检查提示存在腺体的萎缩和一定程度的细胞异型增生,大鼠胃黏膜细胞中TNF-α、PCNA的表达水平升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与模型组比较,御寒暖胃膏贴敷胃经穴组和药物对照组大鼠胃黏膜组织的病理损伤得到修复,大鼠胃黏膜细胞中TNF-α、PCNA的表达水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);结论:御寒暖胃膏贴敷胃经穴可以促进CAG大鼠胃黏膜损伤的修复,该作用可能是通过调节胃黏膜细胞TNF-α、PCNA的表达水平来实验的。Objective:To study the effect of Yuhan Nuanwei cream(YNC)acupoints stiking therapy on gastric mucosa tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) expression of mice with chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG),so to discuss the renovation mechanism of YNC on CAG precancerous lesions. Methods:The mice were divided into normal group,model group,YNC group,drug control group. Duplicate mice model with CAG precancerous lesions by the method of comprehensive intervention,observe gastric mucosal lesion index of mice with the naked eyes,observe pathological change of gastric mucosa tissue under light microscope,measure expression level of TNF-α and PCNA in gastric mucosa cells by the method of enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results: Comparing with normal group, mice gastric mucosa histopathological examinations in model group reminded that there exist gland atrophy and some degree of cell atypical hyperplasia,the expression level of TNF-α and PCNA in mice gastric mucosa cell are increased,differences being significant(P<0.05). Comparing with model group,pathological damage of mice gastric mucosa tissue in YNC group and drug control group obtained obvious repair,the expression level of TNF-α and PCNA in mice gastric mucosa cell were dropped, differences being significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:The therapy of YNC acupoints stiking therapy can promote the renovation of CAG mice gastric mucosal lesion. This fuction may be experimented by regulating the expression level of TNF-α and PCNA in mice gastric mucosa cell.深圳市科技研发资金项目(JCYJ20130401105615482

Preparation and Characteristic Research of Immobilized Acetylcholinesterase

本研究以期研制出能重复使用的固定化乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACHE),为天然产物复杂体系中ACHE抑制剂筛选新方法的发展奠定基础.以氨基化硅胶(APS-SI)微球为载体,戊二醛为交联剂对乙酰胆碱酯酶进行交联固定化,并研究了酶的最佳固定化条件和固定化酶的性质.结果表明,0.05 g氨基化硅胶微球载体,用戊二醛溶液活化6 H后,在给酶量5 u,28℃固定16 H条件下,得到固定化酶的活性最大.固定化酶在常温(20~40℃),以及较宽PH范围内(PH 6~10)均具有较高的活性,并且具有良好的保存稳定性和可重复利用率,为基于固定化靶酶亲和-色谱质谱联用分析快速筛选乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂新方法的发展奠定了基础.A new method for preparation of a reusable immobilized acetylcholinesterase(AchE) was developed in order to lay a foundation for screening AchE inhibitors from natural products.AchE was immobilized on aminated silica gel microspheres with glutaraldehyde as cross-linking reagent.The optimum conditions and properties of immobilized enzyme were investigated.The optimal immobilization process was as follows: 0.05 g of aminated silica gel microspheres was activated by glutaraldehyde solution for 6 h,and mixed with AChE solution with the activity of 5 U.Then,the mixture was shook for 16 h at 28 ℃.The immobilized enzyme produced by this method had the highest enzyme activity,and it could remain better activity with a wide range of pH(pH 6～10) at room temperature(20～40 ℃).The immobilized AChE showed higher storage stability and could be used repeatedly.国家自然科学基金(No.20905017);国家海洋局青年基金(No.2010140);海洋一所基本科研业务专项(No.2010G25)资助项目---

慢性乙型肝炎合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者体质量指数与血脂水平的研究

目的研究慢性乙型肝炎(CHb)合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nAfld)患者体质量指数(bMI)和血脂与其发病的关系。方法选取经临床和病理确诊的CHb并nAfld患者80例为病例组,另选取同期住院的47例CHb患者为对照组;测量身高、体质量,同时检测两组患者的总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(Tg),采用病例对照研究的方法,lOgISTIC回归分析bMI、TC、Tg与CHb并nAfld的相关性。结果两组患者的bMI、TC、Tg水平的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);bMI、TC及Tg均为CHb并nAfld的危险因素(P<0.05);经lOgISTIC回归分析,bMI、Tg与CHb并nAfld有相关性(P<0.01)。结论 TC对CHb并nAfld的发病无明显影响,bMI和Tg均为CHb并nAfld的独立影响因子;Tg在预测CHb并nAfld的发生上比bMI更具有优势。福建省漳州市科技计划资助项目(Z04094);09军区面上B类(09MB131

Primary Identification of Triterpene Compounds in Chizhi (Ganoderma lucidum) by HPLC-APCI-MS

采用反相高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(RP-HPLC-DAD)和大气压化学电离质谱(APCI-MS)联用技术,分析赤芝中含有的三萜类化合物。使用反相C18色谱柱,以乙腈和水(含2%冰醋酸)为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为0.8ml/min,室温下,色谱检测波长253nm;用DAD检测器记录各个色谱峰的紫外吸收光谱,采用APCI-MS进行在线同步分析,记录TIC总离子流色谱图和各个色谱峰的质谱图,通过紫外光谱及质谱分析并与文献对照初步鉴定了赤芝中的32个三萜类成分。High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) was applied to analyze the triterpenoids in extracts of Ganoderma lucidum. The extraction conditions are: Hypersil C4 (4.6 mm × 150 mm) column with gradient elution with acetonitrile and water (2.0% acetic acid) as mobile phase, flow-rate 0.8 ml/min, and room temperature about 25 ℃. The detection wavelength is 253 nm and the UV spectra of peaks are obtainedwith a photodiode array detector (DAD). On-line APCI-MS in positive and negative mode was used to get the mass spectrum of the analyte. Thirty-two components of Ganoderma lucidum are primarily identified by comparison of the UV spectra and mass spectrum according to published literatures.青岛“2004将才计划”项目(04-3-JJ-11);; 共建生物医药研发测试中心资助项目(LS-05-KJZX-76

Study on the Elements and Element Speciation in the Extract of Taizishen

目的对太子参水提液中3种金属元素Cu,Mn,Zn进行形态研究。方法采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定太子参及太子参水提液中3种金属元素的含量,并用反相高效色谱(RP-HPLC)-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)联用技术对太子参水提液中的Cu,Mn,Zn元素进行形态分析。结果太子参水提液中金属元素Cu,Mn,Zn含量较高,其中Cu,Mn,Zn均主要以结合态形式存在。结论该实验所建立的HPLC-ICP-MS分析方法是太子参水提液中金属元素形态分析的良好方法。ObjectiveTo develop a modern analysis method for speciation of metal elements(Cu,Mn,Zn) in Taizishen.MethodsThe contents of three elements in Taizishen and the extract of Taizishen were determined by ICP-MS,and the coupling of high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) was applied for elemental speciation.ResultsIn the extract of Taizishen,the contents of Cu,Mn,Zn were high,and the organic speciation of Cu,Mn,Zn were the main speciation.ConclusionThe HPLC-ICP-MS method is efficient to separate inorganic speciation and organic speciation of the metal elements in Taizishen.国家自然科学基金资助项目(No.20235020

Comparison on Pseudostellarin B(Cyclic peptide) Content in Different Kinds/Harvest Time of Pseudostellaria heterophylla(Miq.) Pax

目的分析比较不同品种不同采收期太子参环肽Pseudostellarin B的含量,为合理开发利用太子参的植物资源提供参考。方法不同品种不同采收期太子参经提取制备后,采用高效液相色谱测定太子参环肽Pseudostellarin B的含量。结果一号品种不同采收期太子参中Pseudostellarin B的平均含量为198.1μg/g,二号品种不同采收期太子参中Pseudostella-rin B的平均含量为105.8μg/g。结论不同品种不同采收期太子参中Pseudostellarin B的含量有差异。Objective To compare the Pseudostellarin B content in different kinds and harvest time of pseudostellana heterophyua and provide reference for rational exploiting and utilizing the plant.Methods After extraction,Pseudostellarin B(cyclic peptide) in different kinds/harvest time of Pseudostellaria heterophylla(Miq.) Pax were determined by Agilent 1100 HPLC.Results The average contents of Pseudostellarin B in No.1 and No.2 Pseudostellaria heterophylla(Miq.) Pax were 198.1μg/g,105.8 μg/g,respectively.Conclusion There are differences among the contents of Pseudostellarin B in different kinds of Pseudostellaria heterophylla(Miq.) Pax.福建省科委创新药物与中药现代化项目(No.2001BA701A61-13);; 国家科技部攻关项目(No.2003BA759C

Study on the Preparation of Salvianolic Acid B of High Purity

目的:建立高纯度丹酚酸B的最佳制备工艺流程。方法:通过比较几种不同大孔吸附树脂对丹酚酸B的吸附及洗脱性能,筛选出最佳树脂并对该树脂分离纯化丹酚酸B的工艺参数进行优化。结果:在本文所确定的最佳工艺条件下,丹酚酸B回收率为90.6%,纯度高达91.8%,稳定性良好,可作为丹参制剂的原料药应用。结论:该工艺操作简便,适用于工业化生产,有利于促进丹酚酸B的开发利用。Objective:The best technology of the preparation of salvianolic acid B was established.Methods:A series of macroporous adsorption resins were compared on their adsorption and desorption properties for salvianolic acid B and the optimal type resin had been selected. The technical parameters for purification of salvianolic acid B with the selected type resin were studied. Results:Under this condition, the recovery is 90.6% and the purity of salvianolic acid B is 91.8%. The product has a good stability and could be used for preparation directly.Conclusion:This method is simple and could be used for industrial production, promoting the exploitation and utilization of salvianolic acid B.国家自然科学基金重点项目(No.20235020);; 青岛市重点实验室建设项目(No.04-2-JS-135