是什么推动了印度尼西亚东部的包容性增长？分析空间异质性

Received February 25, 2025; accepted May 31, 2025.Дата поступления 25 февраля 2025 г.; дата принятия к печати 31 мая 2025.Relevance. Inclusive growth remains a critical priority in dealing with persistent challenges such as inequality and poverty. This study contributes to the debate by offering policy insights to foster inclusive growth, examining how socio-economic and institutional factors shape outcomes at the district level. Research Objective. The study pursues two main objectives: (1) to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of inclusive growth across districts in Eastern Indonesia, and (2) to identify the key determinants driving these patterns. Data and Method. The analysis draws on district-level data from Eastern Indonesia for 2018–2022, sourced from Statistics Indonesia (BPS), the Ministry of Finance, and the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia. It employs Geographically Weighted Panel Regression (GWPR), a spatial econometric technique that captures localized variations in the effects of socio-economic and institutional variables on inclusive growth. Results. The findings reveal marked spatial disparities: central and coastal districts generally outperform more remote inland areas, as growth disruptions during the COVID‑19 pandemic were followed by signs of recovery in 2022. The GWPR results show that capital expenditure, democratic governance, labor force participation, and education significantly promote inclusive growth. Conversely, weak financial governance, as reflected in poor audit outcomes, constrains progress in several districts. Conclusions. The study meets its objectives by mapping spatiotemporal variations in inclusive growth and identifying key socio-economic and institutional drivers across Eastern Indonesia’s districts. The findings underscore the need for spatially adaptive, context-specific policies to foster inclusive and sustainable regional development.Актуальность. Изучение инклюзивного роста остается важнейшей темой на фоне текущих проблем, связанных с неравенством и бедностью. Это исследование вносит вклад в обсуждение, предлагая политические идеи для содействия инклюзивному росту, а также исследуется взаимодействие социально-экономических и институциональных факторов на уровне округа. Цель исследования. Это исследование имеет две основные цели. Во‑первых, оно анализирует пространственно-временные закономерности инклюзивного роста в округах Восточной Индонезии. Во‑вторых, оно выявляет ключевые детерминанты инклюзивного роста в регионе. Данные и метод. В исследовании используются данные на уровне округов Восточной Индонезии за период 2018–2022 гг., полученные от Статистического управления Индонезии (BPS), Министерства финансов и Аудиторского совета Республики Индонезия. Пространственный эконометрический подход, в частности географически взвешенная панельная регрессия (GWPR), применяется для анализа пространственно варьирующихся эффектов социально-экономических и институциональных переменных на инклюзивный рост. Результаты. Результаты показывают выраженные пространственные различия в инклюзивном росте, при этом центральные и прибрежные районы в целом превосходят более отдаленные или внутренние районы, с заметным спадом во время пандемии COVID‑19 и признаками восстановления в 2022 году. Кроме того, результаты GWPR показали, что капитальные расходы, демократическое управление, участие рабочей силы и образование значительно способствуют инклюзивному росту, в то время как слабое финансовое управление, отраженное в плохих результатах аудита, выступает в качестве ограничения в нескольких районах. Выводы. Данное исследование отражает пространственно-временные вариации инклюзивного роста и выявляет его основные социально-экономические и институциональные движущие силы в районах Восточной Индонезии. Результаты исследования подчеркивают необходимость пространственно-адаптивных и контекстно-специфических политических стратегий, адаптированных к местным условиям, для эффективного содействия инклюзивному и устойчивому региональному развитию.现实性：在当前不平等和贫困的挑战下，对包容性增长的研究仍然是一个重要课题。本研究提出了促进包容性增长的政策理念，并探讨了地区 层面的社会经济和制度因素之间的相互作用，从而为这一讨论做出了贡 献。 研究目标：本研究有两个主要目标。首先，它分析了印度尼西亚东部地 区包容性增长的时空模式。其次，它确定了该地区包容性增长的主要决 定因素。 数据与方法：本研究使用印度尼西亚东部地区2018–2022年的地区级数 据，这些数据来自印度尼西亚统计局（BPS）、财政部和印度尼西亚共 和国审计委员会。采用空间计量经济学方法，特别是地理加权面板回归 （GWPR），分析社会经济和制度变量对包容性增长的空间变化影响。 研究结果：结果显示，包容性增长存在明显的空间差异，中部和沿海地 区的表现普遍优于较偏远或内陆地区，在COVID‑19大流行期间出现明 显下降，2022年出现复苏迹象。此外，《全球妇女增长和减贫报告》 的结果表明，资本支出、民主治理、劳动力参与和教育大大促进了包容 性增长，而审计结果不佳所反映出的财务管理薄弱则成为几个地区的制 约因素。 结论：本研究捕捉了印度尼西亚东部地区包容性增长的空间和时间变 化，并确定了其主要的社会经济和制度驱动因素。研究结果突出表明，需要因地制宜、因时制宜的政策战略，以有效促进包容性和可持续的地区发展

金属快速成形3D 打印技术与应用

With the gradual application of advanced manufacturing technology, the development of forced, removed and stacked forming technology is very rapid. As a relatively new rapid addition forming technology, 3D printing technology has achieved very good results in many fields, greatly improving the efficiency of parts, and playing an important role in promoting the development of social economy. This paper focuses on the analysis of metal 3D printing technology and equipment, and shares the case of 3D printing in real life

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials