道教书法审美特征琐议

道教书法源自于道教高道所书画的符箓,道士所书符箓是道教书法的主要存在形式。道教符箓作为中国传统书法文化的重要组成部分,拥有传统书法的基本审美特征。同时,道教符箓作为道门内部的一种重要法器,隶属于宗教文化的范畴,具有浓厚的宗教文化性质,决定了道教书法与世俗性书法作品的审美特征又有所区别。道教书法之中常常蕴涵着丰富的宗教、绘画、舞蹈、文学内容,赋有这些文化艺术的审美特征。教育部人文社科项目“道教与民间信仰的区域化研究”阶段性成果(项目编号:06JA730004

Spiritual exploration of elegance in Taoist painting

道教美术是伴随着道教的产生、发展而逐渐成长起来的艺术门类,它充当着中国文人精神自由翱翔的家园,是道教史迹与事迹的图像化表达,积淀着厚重的历史文化元素。它又常常浸泡于皇室贵族社会的祭祀庆典等文化活动之中,成为皇室祭祀庆典活动的参与者和见证者,对祭祀庆典活动的顺利完成起到积极推进作用,具有庙堂性与贵族性气息。道教美术“雅“之精神的形成则是由道教美术自身发展的规律与特点所决定的。Taoist painting which has a long history is a type of art with the start and development of Taoist.It acts as the spiritual home of Chinese intellectual,and is concrete and pictorial expressions of Taoist.Meanwhile,it is the historical cultural element with rich sedimentary accretion.Long before,Taoist painting often soaked in the cultural activities and celebrations,and was the witness and participant in the celebrations of the imperial house.It pushed the whole celebratory progress in royal household and possessed the noble spirit.The form of elegant spirit in Taoist painting is decided by the law and characteristics of its development.教育部人文社会科学项目(06JA730004

PROBE INTO THE CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS of "VULGARITY" IN TAOIST ARTS

道教美术主要是指以道教思想观念为核心内容或者为道教文化服务的美术作品。道教美术常常与人们的生活、工作相胶着,为普通民众面对生活中的困境提供精神支持。它往往处于庆典、祭祀的中心地位,见证和参与世俗民众的宗教与信仰生活。它的内容或者贴近普通民众的生活,或者是将抽象的道经转化为感性、鲜明的图像,容易为普通民众所接受。道教美术是民间性、世俗性、大众性或草根性的,具有鲜明的“俗“之意蕴。这种“俗“之意蕴的形成是由整个道教发展、传播的特点以及道教美术自身发展的规律与特点所决定的。Taoist arts mainly refer to the art works with the ideology of Taoism as the core content or the art works serving the Taoist culture.Taoist arts are often closely related to people's life and work and provides moral support for ordinary people faced with difficulties in life.It is often in the centrality of celebration and sacrifices,witnessing and participating in people's secular life of religion and belief.Its contents are either closer to ordinary people's lives,or turn the abstract Taoist scripts into emotional,vibrant images and are easily acceptable by the general public.Taoist arts are civil,secular,popular and grass-rooted and has a distinct meaning of "vulgarity".This forming of the implication of "vulgarity" is determined by the development of Taoism,Taoist features of dissemination and the rules and characteristics of the development of Taoist arts.教育部人文社科项目(06JA730004

Traces of Traditional Cultural Connotations in Taoist Frescoes

道教壁画具有深厚的传统文化意蕴。它以鲜明的叙事性特征,借助图像来传播和弘扬道教,充当社会教化的工具,为维护古代社会秩序和谐、稳定作出了贡献。道教壁画还具有神圣性与世俗性交融互会的审美风貌,这一风貌与道教“入世“与“出世“的双重品格相互呼应,互为表里。道教壁画吸收了儒释道等多种传统文化元素,是多元思想文化凝结之艺术。这从一个侧面揭示出道教思想文化的丰富性,以及开放性与包容性的品格。Taoist frescoes possesses the profound connotations of traditional cultures.It has the obvious narrative characteristics.Taoist frescoes with narrative pictures can clearly carry forward Taoism.Just like other traditional cultures and arts,Taoist frescoes has a moral responsibility to safeguard harmonious society.Meanwhile,Taoist frescoes also has sacred and secular styles of aesthetics.The styles and dual character that is "go into the society and renounce the world" in Taoist cultures take concerted actions and are the same outside and inside.Taoist frescoes was the cultural fruits of multielement ideas.The multielement characteristics reflected,from indirect sources,the open and magnanimous features in Taoist cultures.教育部人文社科项目“道教与民间信仰的区域化研究”(06JA730004)。此文为该项目阶段性成

陈从周园林美学思想的独特品格

本期论坛《陈从周园林美学思想的独特品格》一文,阐发了陈从周大师园林美学的精髓,重意境创造,突出个性特征,富于生命情调,浸透了传统历史、文化精神,其核心与长北先生的论文《天人合一》所阐释的我国传统的宇宙观,生命意识是相通的。因此,我们将其一起发表,相信更有助于读者对中华民族的审美思想作更深的理解

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials