表意文字及び表音文字の読み処理における空間周波数の異なる役割 : 高密度事象関連電位研究

1. Introduction / 2. Materials and Methods / 3. Results / 4. Discussion / Acknowledgments / ReferencesSubmitted by 真弓 小柳 ([email protected]) on 2012-04-23T04:46:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 med2466.pdf: 741426 bytes, checksum: 32442dac14bf82383ea15393e697285f (MD5) med2466_abstract.pdf: 117910 bytes, checksum: f5ed81ef35a0491aca3f7536ab66ba48 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2012-04-23T04:46:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 med2466.pdf: 741426 bytes, checksum: 32442dac14bf82383ea15393e697285f (MD5) med2466_abstract.pdf: 117910 bytes, checksum: f5ed81ef35a0491aca3f7536ab66ba48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-27医学系学府_医学日本の表意文字(漢字)と表音文字(仮名)の神経基盤の乖離は、今のところ明らかでない。本研究では、空間周波数(SF)情報が漢字と仮名の脳内処理の違いに関与しているかを調べるため、日本語を母国語とする被験者が未フィルター処理あるいは空間フィルター処理した文字刺激を読んでいる時の脳活動を、高密度事象関連電位(ERP)を用いて測定した。刺激には、漢字(低学年で学習する漢字･高学年で学習する漢字)、仮名(仮名語･非語)とスクランブル文字を用いた。フーリエ解析では、漢字は高空間周波数(HSF)、仮名は低空間周波数(LSF)にそれぞれ特徴づけられた。未フィルター処理刺激では、両側後頭部にP100、左後側頭部にN170、前頭～中央部にN400のERP成分が誘発された。スクランブル文字では、N170は左優位性を示さず、N400は明瞭には誘発されなかった。LSF条件では、漢字のP100とN170の潜時が、仮名より有意に延長した。HSF条件では、高学年で学習する漢字のP100とN170の潜時が、低学年で学習する漢字より有意に延長した。HSF･LSF条件とも、N400では漢字と仮名の差は認めなかった。以上の結果、SFが意味的成分ではなく早期の視覚反応に影響することで、漢字と仮名の処理の差が生じることが示唆される。つまり、仮名とLSF情報、漢字とHSF情報はそれぞれ密接な連関があり、漢字･仮名の読みの神経基盤の乖離には、SF情報の違いが関与している。The neural substrate of the dissociation between reading Japanese ideograms (Kanji) and phonograms (Kana) is currently unclear. To test whether spatial frequency (SF) information is responsible for this phenomenon, we recorded high-density event-related potentials (ERPs) with unfiltered or spatially filtered word stimuli in Japanese-speaking subjects. Kanji (early-learned, late-learned), Kana (word, non-word), and scrambled characters served as stimuli. Fourier analysis revealed that Kanji and Kana were characterized by high-SF (HSF) and low-SF (LSF) information, respectively. In ERPs with unfiltered stimuli, bilateral occipital P100, left occipitotemporal N170 and fronto-central N400 were elicited. Scrambled characters did not evoke left-lateralized N170 or clear N400. Under the LSF condition, P100 and N170 latencies for Kanji were significantly longer than for Kana. In the HSF condition, P100 and N170 latencies for late-learned Kanji were significantly longer than for early-learned Kanji. There was no significant difference in the N400 between Kanji and Kana in both SF conditions. These results suggest that early visual responses, but not the semantic component, are influenced by SF. This indicates a close link between Kana and LSF information, and between Kanji and HSF information. The differential effects of SF could underlie the neural basis of the differences between Kanji and Kana reading

Interpreter-Mediated communication

This thesis is about interpreter-mediated conversation as a mode of communication, about interpreters and their responsibilities, about what they do, what they think they should do and about what others expect them to do in face-to-face interaction. There is a concept in which interpreting has always been something of a poor relation to translation studies. Even within interpreting, the reflectiv...学位：文学硕士院系专业：外文学院外文系_英语语言文学学号：19980401

Research on the Punitive Damages in the Marine Oil Pollution Damage

随着现代航运业和石油开发产业的发展，由石油引发的污染损害问题呈不断扩大趋势，近年来多起大规模原油泄漏事故给全世界敲响了警钟，也促使石油污染损害赔偿法律制度得以发展。但是，当前海上石油污染损害赔偿制度主要局限于对赔偿主体、赔偿范围以及赔偿责任限制的规定，补偿性赔偿责任作为被国际公约和各国国内法广泛采纳的赔偿责任方式，并未得到太多关注。然而，正是由于补偿性赔偿制度在制裁和威慑功能上的不足，使得污染者往往铤而走险，并酿成一例例海上石油污染事故。因此，为了突出制裁功能，加大威慑力度，将惩罚性赔偿制度引入海上石油污染损害赔偿领域成为一个非常具有实际意义的问题。 本文除引言和结语外，共分三章： 第一章...With the development of the modern shipping industry and the petroleum exploration industry, oil pollution damage is worsening than ever. Attention has been paid to the problem both from international and national perspectives, which promotes the development of compensation law of oil pollution. Nowadays, the fundamental regimes of compensation law of oil pollution are the responsible parties of c...学位：法律硕士院系专业：法律硕士教育中心_法律硕士(JM)学号：1302011115025

The Development and Trial of a Scale to Measure Self-Care Behavior of Patients with Heart Disease

本研究では，心疾患患者の自己管理測定尺度を作成し，その信頼性・妥当性について検討した．心疾患患者の自己管理度を測定するための質問紙原案は， 6 つの概念枠組みを行い，各概念を測定するための42項目の質問紙を作成した．対象は，A市内の2 ヶ所の循環器外来に通院する心疾患患者200名とした．因子分析の結果，「精神状態の調整」，「運動の調整」，「睡眠・休息の調整」，「塩分の制限」，「感染の防止」の5 因子20項目からなる尺度であった．本尺度の内容妥当性，弁別的妥当性，基準関連妥当性，信頼性を検討した結果，信頼性と妥当性のある尺度であることが確認できた．The present study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of a scale developed to measure the self-care behavior of patients with heart disease. To measure the degree of selfcare behavior of patients with heart disease, a draft questionnaire was prepared, comprising 6 concepts and 42 items to measure each concept. The subjects included 200 patients with heart disease attending 1 of 2 cardiovascular departments as outpatients in town A. The scale consisted of 5 factors and 20 items extracted by factor analysis. These factors included “adjustment of the state of mind,” “adjustment of exercise,” “adjustment of sleep and rest,” “restriction of salt intake,” and “prevention of infection.” The reliability and validity of the scale were confirmed by examining the content validity, discriminant validity, and criterion-referenced validity and reliability

23. Crepis capillarisのカルス形成と器官形成

1.試験管中で発芽させたクレピス(Crepis capillaris)の幼植物から,器官-葉・茎・根-を分けて培養し,カルス形成およびその後の分化を比較した。いずれにも,カルス形成が見られたが葉の切片はカルス形成がもっとも顕著であった。その後,葉・茎からのカルスでは葉が分化したが,根からのカルスからは葉の形成が認められなかった。2.さらにカイネチンの濃度のみを変えた4種類の培地を用いて,葉・茎・根の培養を行なったが,いずれの器官からのカルス形成およびその後の分化に対しても,カイネチンを4ppm加えたD培地がもっとも効果的であった。3.つぎにカルス形成の顕著だった葉の切片を用い,効果の多かったD培地を用いて培養し,カルス形成およびその後の器官形成について外部形態および内部形態の観察を行なった。カルス細胞は切片を培地においてから7日目でかなり多く見られるが,そのカルス細胞は,葉の表皮細胞からつくられること,表皮細胞の下にある細胞からつくられること,また葉の切断面からつくられることが観察された。17日目には葉の組織全体に変化がおこり,カルス集団や生長点様の組織がそこここにあらわれる。その後,カルス集団や生長点様の組織などから分化がおこり,葉状体や板状体がカルスの表面に形成される。4.葉状体は発達して葉を形成した。発根は39日目以後に見られた。さらに培養をつづけると約90日で蕾をつけたが管理不行き届きのために開花に至らず枯死してしまった。5.カルス化した葉片の表面の細胞から,先端が数細胞からできている毛状体を形成することが,15日目の固定切片で認められた。6.合成培地を用いた培養において,39日目で根からのカルスに染色体数の倍数化が認められた。葉からのカルスにおいては,さらにいちじるしい染色体変異が見られた。即ち染色体の6本(2n)の正常なもの10%,12本(4n)のもの70%,13本以上の染色体数のもの20%であった。1. The organs-the leaf, the stem and the root of Crepis capillaris were separately cultured for the comparison to be made between their callus formation and the later differentiation. The callus formation was found in all of them-most remarkably in the culture of a leaf blade. The leaf formation was to be seen both in the culture of the leaf and the stem, but not in that of the root. 2. The only difference in four media used for the culture was in the amount of kinetin. The medium D containing 4ppm of kinetin-that is the largest amount of all-proved to be most effective both on the callus formation and its later differentiation. 3. A fragmented leaf was cultured on the medium D for observation of callus formation and its later organ development-for this the morphological observation was made internally as well as externally. Seven days after the fragmented leaf was placed on the medium D, a number of calluses were seen originating out of the surface tissue cell as well as out of those beneath the surface and out of those on the face where the cut was made. In seventeen days\u27 time, it was apparent that all tissues of the leaf were affected. The concentration of calluses, and the new tissues suggestive of some growth were seen everywhere. Gradually callus differentiation took place and the leaf-like thing and the rootlike one came into being. 4. A leaf-like thing formed a leaf. A root developed after 39 days had passed. It took about 90 days for a bud to grow and it did not live to bloom. 5. It was noted that in 15 days\u27 time a hairy substance consisting of several cells at its pointed end sprang out of the surface tissue cells on the face of the cut in the leaf. 6. As for the chromosomes, with the 39 day-old culture on the compound medium the root callus showed double the ordinary number of chromosomes. The leaf callus showed greater aberation. The result was: 70% was 12 (4n), 20% 12 and only 10% was ordinary 6(2n)