紫杉醇囊泡的研制及大鼠体内的药动学特征

目的制备紫杉醇囊泡,对其进行表征,进一步研究其在大鼠体内的药动学特征及组织分布情况。方法以司盘(Span)和胆固醇(CH)为主要膜材,用薄膜分散法制备紫杉醇囊泡,采用正交实验进行处方优化,用透射电镜考察其形态和构造,用激光粒度仪测定囊泡的粒径大小和ζ电位,按7.5,15,30mg·kg-13个剂量大鼠颈静脉给药后检测一定时间点的血药浓度,对照为15mg·kg-1的紫杉醇注射液。结果紫杉醇囊泡的平均粒径为(157±16)nm,冻干后紫杉醇囊泡的平均粒径为(189±23)nm;冻干后的紫杉醇囊泡在贮存6个月的时间内包封率没有明显变化,粒径略有增大。紫杉醇囊泡相对于紫杉醇注射液体内半衰期显著延长,生物利用度提高;组织分布结果显示明显的肝脾靶向性。结论成功研制了紫杉醇囊泡,囊泡有望成为紫杉醇新的剂型

虾青素对对乙酰氨基酚所致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

目的研究虾青素对对乙酰氨基酚所致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法 40只小鼠随机分为5组(n=8):正常对照组、模型组和虾青素低、中、高剂量(50、125和250 mg.kg-1)组。各剂量组小鼠给予虾青素连续灌胃7 d后一次性腹腔注射对乙酰氨基酚400 mg.kg-1制备急性肝损伤模型,光镜观察肝脏的组织学改变,测定血清和肝组织的生化指标。结果与模型组比较,虾青素组血清中丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶含量明显降低(P<0.01),肝组织中丙二醛含量降低,超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性提高(P<0.01)。结论虾青素能增强小鼠体内酶防御系统功能,提高清除自由基的能力,对对乙酰氨基酚所致小鼠肝损伤具有明显保护作用

Experimental investigation on phase equilibria of Ce-Sn-Zn system at 400 ℃

The Ce-Sn-Zn alloys were prepared by furnace melting. The isothermal section of the Ce-Sn-Zn system at 400 oC over the whole composition range was established by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). A new ternary compound, CeSn 2 Zn 2 , was discovered in the present work. This compound adopted CaBe 2 Ge 2 structure type (space group P4/nmm) with the lattice parameters of a=0.4455 (9) nm and c=1.0348 (1) nm. The existence of previously known ternary compounds, CeSnZn and Ce 2 SnZn 3 , were confirmed, too. The maximum solubility of Zn in CeSn 3 was determined to be 12.7 at.%.Project supported by Guangxi Science Foundation (0640040, 2011GXNSFA018030);Foundation of the Guangxi Universities for Nationalities (2010ZD012,2011QD019) for financial suppor

Effect of Trace Rare Earth La on the Properties of Sn-Zn-Al Based Pb-Free Solder

采用真空熔炼技术成功制备Sn-(8.98-x)Zn-0.02Al-xLa(x=0.02～0.12)焊料。采用XRD衍射、DTA、SEM等手段分析了焊料的熔点、显微结构及焊料对Cu基板的润湿性等性能。结果表明,添加适量的稀土元素La能较好地提高Sn-Zn-Al基焊料熔点,改善焊料的铺展能力和组织均匀性。在Sn-(8.98-x)Zn-0.02Al-xLa焊料中,稀土La的最佳添加量为0.04%。The Sn-（8.98-x）Zn-0.02Al-xLa（x=0.02～0.12） solders were prepared by vacuum melting technique.Melting point,microstructure of the solder and its wettability on Cu substrate were analyzed through X-ray diffraction（XRD）,DTA（differential thermal analysis）,SEM（scanning electron microscope）.The results show that proper rare earth La can effectively increase the melting point of Sn-Zn-Al solder,and improve the spreading ability as well as homogeneity of microstructure.With 0.04%La addition,Sn-（9-x）Zn-0.02Al-xLa solders exhibit the desirable comprehensive properties.广西自然科学基金资助项目(0640040,2011GXNSFA018030);广西高校优秀人才资助计划项目;广西教育厅科研项目(2011LX140);广西民族大学科学基金资助项目(2010ZD012,2011QD019,2011MDQN046);广西大学研究生创新项目(105931003069

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials