Population pharmacokinetic modeling of methylphenidate prolonged-release tablets clearance in patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder by nonlinear mixed effects modeling

目的建立注意缺陷多动障碍患者(AdHd)哌甲酯缓释片清除率的群体药动学模型。方法前瞻性收集闽南地区服用哌甲酯缓释片治疗的78例AdHd患者的消除相血药浓度(n=165),采用非线性混合效应模型(nOnMEM)法分析数据。结果最终模型为Cl(l·H-1)=254·(WT/34.7)0.663·0.884(如果合用丙戌酸钠,否则为1)·EXP(ETA(Cl)),WT为体质量(kg)。结论成功建立AdHd患者哌甲酯缓释片治疗的群体药动学模型,根据患者的生理用药资料,可估算其清除率,为制定给药方案提供依据。AIM To establish a clearance model for methylphenidate prolonged-release tablets(MPH)in patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)by population pharmacokinetic method.METHODS Serum concentration data(n=165)in elimination phase were collected prospectively from 78 ADHD patients in south Fujian during their routine clinical treatment.Nonlinear mixed effects modeling(NONMEM)was employed to establish the population pharmacokinetic model of the MPH clearance(CL).RESULTS The final model was:CL(L·h-1)=254·(WT/34.7)0.663·0.884(if taking sodium valproate,otherwise it equaled to 1)·EXP(ETA(CL))in which WT was weight(kg).CONCLUSION A population pharmacokinetic model is established successfully and proposed to estimate the individual CL for patients taking MPH in terms of patients' characteristics and dosing history,and to establish a prior dosage regimen.福建省卫生厅青年科研课题(编号2013-2-02); 厦门市卫生局科研立项(编号3502Z20077079

Simultaneous Determination of Dopamine(DA)and Epinephrine (EP) at CA/GC Electrode

应用电沉积方法制备柠檬酸修饰电极(CA/GC), 差分脉冲法研究多巴胺(DA)和肾上腺素(EP)在该修饰电极上的电化学行为．结果表明, 两样品DA、EP在该电极的还原峰电位差380 mV, 而抗坏血酸(AA)在此电位区无还原峰, 因此可实现该修饰电极对DA和EP的同时检测, 而且高浓度AA不发生干扰．在pH 6.0的磷酸盐缓冲液中, DA和EP还原峰电流与其浓度分别在1.0×10-6 ~ 6.0×10-5 mol•L-1和2.0×10-6 ~ 6.0×10-5 mol•L-1 范围内呈线性关系．CA/GC电极制备简单, 重现性好, 可望用于多巴胺针剂(DA)和肾上腺素针剂(EP)的同时检测The citric acid modified glassy carbon electrode (CA/GC) was prepared by potentiostatic technique and was used for detections of dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EP), and their mixtures by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The modified electrode shows the enhanced sensitivity and excellent electrochemical discrimination to DA and EP. The cathodic potential difference between DA and EP was about 380 mV, while no cathodic reduction of ascorbic acid (AA) was observed because the oxidation of AA is an irreversible reaction at the sensor. As a result, DA and EP could be determined simultaneously with the interferences of high concentrations of AA being eliminated. The reduction peak currents obtained in the phosphate buffer solutions at pH=6.0 were linearly dependent on the DA and EP concentrations in the ranges of 1.0×10-6～6.0×10-5 mol?L-1 and 2.0×10-6～6.0×10-5 mol?L-1, respectively. The proposed method showed potential applications in the simultaneous detections of DA and EP in injections.四川省教育厅基金项目(10ZB102) , 四川理工学院科技项目(2009xjky1001) 资助作者联系地址：四川理工学院化学与制药工程学院, 四川, 自贡 643000Author's Address: College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, Sichuan, China通讯作者E-mail：[email protected]

Simultaneous Determinations of Ascorbic Acid, Dopamine and Uric Acid at CA/GC Electrode

研究柠檬酸(CA)修饰玻碳电极(CA/GC)在抗坏血酸(AA)、多巴胺(DA) 和尿酸(UA)混合体系中的循环伏安(CV)行为．结果表明, AA、DA和UA在CA/GC电极上氧化峰电流增大且三者氧化峰电位能彼此分离(ΔEpDA,AA=170 mV, ΔEpDA,UA=130 mV, ΔEpAA,UA=300 mV), 据此可同时检测AA、DA和UA．在优化的实验条件下, AA、DA和UA的氧化峰电流与其浓度分别在2.0×10-6~1.5×10-3 mol?L-1, 6.0×10-7~1.0×10-3 mol?L-1, 6.0×10-7~1.0×10-3 mol?L-1范围内呈线性关系．该电极重现性好, 可用于盐酸多巴胺针剂中DA、VC片剂中AA及人尿液中UA的测定．The citric acid modified glassy carbon electrode (CA/GC) was constructed by potentiostatic technique and used for simultaneous determinations of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The CA/GC electrode exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity towards AA, DA and UA. The oxidation peaks are well separated with the potential differences between AA and DA, DA and UA, and AA and UA being 170, 130 and 300 mV, respectively, which is large enough to determine AA, DA and UA simultaneously. The catalytic peak currents obtained were linearly dependent on the concentrations of AA, DA and UA in the range of 2.0×10-6~1.5×10-3 mol?L-1, 6.0×10-7~1.0×10-3 mol?L-1, and 6.0×10-7~1.0×10-3 mol?L-1, respectively. The proposed sensor shows good reproducibility and may be applied practically in the determinations of AA, DA and UA.作者联系地址：四川理工学院化学与制药工程学院, 四川 自贡, 643000Author's Address: College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan 643000, China通讯作者E-mail：[email protected]

Root exudates and soil microbes in three Picea asperata plantations with different stand ages

采用野外原位收集方法,对川西米亚罗林区不同林龄(9、13、31年)的粗枝云杉人工林根系分泌物和土壤微生物进行了研究.结果表明:不同林龄粗枝云杉人工林根系的单位质量、长度、面积及根尖分泌速率存在显著差异,表现为9年生云杉林的分泌速率显著大于13年生和31年生云杉林.13年生云杉林的根系活力显著小于9年生和31年生云杉林.不同林龄粗枝云杉人工林的根际土、非根际土微生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)存在显著差异,根际土表现为31年生>13年生>9年生,非根际土为13年生>31年生>9年生.随林龄的增加,粗枝云杉的根际土细菌、真菌、放线菌磷脂脂肪酸含量及总量呈现出高-低-高的变化趋势,而非根际土细菌、真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量、总量及真菌/细菌呈低-高-低的趋势.粗枝云杉根系对土壤MBC、MBN及功能群磷脂脂肪酸含量具有正根际效应

The Determination of Vitamin C by Bromophenol Blue Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

使用溴酚蓝修饰的玻碳电极,以快速循环伏安法测定维生素C片剂中抗坏血酸含量并优化实验条件.结果表明,溴酚蓝(BPB)修饰玻碳电极用于抗坏血酸含量的分析,有良好的稳定性和抗干扰能力.在0.0050~0.1500 g.L-1浓度范围内,峰电流与浓度呈良好的线性关系,R=-0.9991,检出限为0.0010 g.L-1,结果令人满意.The content of ascorbic acid of(vitamin C) was analyzed by using fast cyclic voltamment with bromophenol blue(BPB) modififed GC-electrode,and which experimental conditions were optimiged.The results showed that the BPB modified GC-electrode had the good stability and anti-jamming faculty for analysing the content of ascorbic acid.A linear relationship between the peak current and concentration of vitamin C in the range of 0.0050~0.1500 g·L-1 was obtained,which related coefficient and the detection limit are-0.9991 and 0.0010 g·L-1,respeclively.The method has satisfactory results.作者联系地址：四川理工学院材料与化学工程系,四川理工学院材料与化学工程系,四川理工学院材料与化学工程系,四川理工学院材料与化学工程系 四川自贡643000,四川自贡643000,四川自贡643000,四川自贡643000Author's Address: Dept.of Material & Chemical Engineering,Sichuan University of Science & Engineering,Zigong 643000,Sichuan,Chin

2004-2016年中国生态系统研究网络（CERN）台站水中八大离子数据集

水是自然界重要的组成物质,是生态系统的主要环境因子,中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)对中国典型生态系统水环境开展了长期定位监测。本数据集收集整理了CERN 34个生态站2004–2016年地下水、静止地表水、流动地表水的八大离子(Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+、HCO_3~-、CO_3~(2-)、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-)数据,包含了农田、草地、森林、荒漠、沼泽5类中国典型生态系统。我们对数据进行了准确性检验,剔除异常值,整理后的数据格式更规范,提高了数据的可靠性。本数据集有助于认识各生态系统的水化学变化特征

2004–2016年中国生态系统研究网络水体酸碱度和总溶解性固体数据集

水体的酸碱度(pH)和总溶解性固体(TDS)是中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)的重要监测指标,可为生态系统水体质量长期变化研究提供重要数据。降水pH可以表征其是否为酸沉降,地表水和地下水的pH则关系到水质是否对植物生长和动物饮用存在危害等。TDS是表征水体溶解性固体总含量的指标,同样影响到植物根系的水分吸收和动物的生存分布。本数据集收集整理了CERN农田、森林、荒漠、草原、沼泽5种典型生态系统34个生态站2004–2016年降水、地表水、地下水pH和TDS数据。本数据集可为分析降水、地表水、地下水的酸碱度和TDS的时间变化和空间格局提供数据,可为研究中国典型生态系统水质酸碱度和盐碱化的长期变化提供数据支撑

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials