Comparative Study between the Theory of Adequate Causation and Objective Imputation

我国早已摒弃偶然因果关系说与必然因果关系说。条件理论不能圆满地解决无限追溯的缺陷，同时在择一因果关系、假设的因果关系等方面也不能自圆其说。诸如条件说那样刻意地为了弥补自身的缺陷而创立的补充规则本身就否定了客观上存在的因果关系，故而是不可取的。但是我们又不能完全否认条件理论的价值，相当因果关系理论和客观归责理论都是以构成要件行为与构成要件结果之间存在条件关系为前提，之后的逻辑进路才发生重大变化。相当因果关系理论中的主观说基本上已经遭到学者们的弃用，客观说与折中说仍处于相互竞争的态势。相当因果关系理论极大地弥补了条件理论的不足，遗憾的是，相当关系理论的判断标准模糊不清，对异常因果的过滤功能较为低下...Our country has already been rejected by accident causation and the inevitable cause-and-effect relationship. Conditions theory can't solve the defect of infinite traces, successfully at the same time in choosing a causal relationship, also cannot justify assumes that the causal relationship, Such as condition of said deliberately in order to make up for the defect of its own and create additional...学位：法学硕士院系专业：法学院_刑法学学号：1362014115017

硫的自述

硫,无论是元素还是化合物,都在人类的生活与生产中起着至关重要的作用。本文将硫元素拟人化,介绍了其发展史,在地球上的分布、性质以及在生活中的应用,让读者在趣味阅读中了解硫及其化合物。“化学学科拔尖学生培养试验计划”学生科研能力培养探

铝先生的诊疗

自铝第一次被化学家发现并在实验室制备至今,铝一直与人类如影随形,铝及其化合物在生产和生活中有着重要的应用。本文将铝拟人化,以\"诊疗\"的形式,采用对话体,回顾了铝的发现史和应用史。国家基础科学人才培养基金(J1310024

中国碳减排实现的影响因素和当前挑战——基于技术进步的视角

在引入指数分解与生产理论分解相结合的综合分解分析框架的基础上,本文探讨了中国各区域各大产业二氧化碳排放变动的驱动因素,计算了各驱动因素的碳排放变动效应,从数量上明确了技术进步在二氧化碳减排过程中的关键性作用。在此基础上,构建了一致性宏观二氧化碳反弹效应研究框架,定量分析了中国30个省、市、自治区不同产业二氧化碳排放与技术进步之间的关系。主要结论有:(1)2005—2015年期间,二氧化碳减排主要依赖技术进步的推动,技术进步带来的理论减排率为5.66%,能源结构调整、效率提升以及产业结构调整对碳减排的影响并不显著;资本和劳动力对能源的替代也能够在一定程度上实现二氧化碳的减排。(2)中国宏观经济层面基于技术进步的反弹效应平均为62%,实际减排率为2.1%。(3)中国二氧化碳排放的反弹效应存在一定的区域性差异,但差异有逐渐收敛的趋势;现阶段解决中国碳排放问题需要全面推进,分步解决。国家自然科学基金青年项目(71804048)华侨大学高层次人才科研启动费项目(18SKBS101)的资

哌啶阳离子功能化侧链型阴离子交换膜的制备

燃料电池因其能量转化率高、污染小等特点,成为当前的研究热点.然而,作为关键部件的阴离子交换膜仍然存在离子电导率低、耐碱性能差等缺点,这限制了燃料电池的发展.利用威廉姆森成醚反应在聚醚酮主链接枝哌啶鎓盐,成功制备了侧链型阴离子交换膜.设计的哌啶鎓盐通过长柔性亚甲基与主链相连,使膜内形成有利于高效离子传输的微相分离结构,PEKCQA-1.0膜在80℃的电导率高达72.7mS/cm.此外,哌啶阳离子基团离主链较远,减弱了对主链的吸电子作用;同时,环型结构的哌啶阳离子具有一定的空间位阻,减少了OH~-对阳离子基团的攻击,使膜表现出优异的耐碱性能.PEK-CQA-0.8膜在60℃下1mol/L KOH水溶液中浸泡360h后,离子电导率仅下降了8.8%,有望应用于碱性燃料电池.国家自然科学基金面上项目(21376194,21576226

亚临界条件下水相液化烟草工艺及产物的研究

以云南烟叶为原料,以水为溶剂,采用水热法制备液化物。以液化提取率为目标,对影响烟叶提取率的液料比、液化温度、液化时间三个影响因素进行了单因素实验,并在此基础上用正交实验来确定了烟叶最佳液化工艺。分别使用石油醚和二氯甲烷对液化物进行萃取,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对萃取成分进行分析。结果表明:烟叶的最优液化工艺是液料比为15∶1,液化温度为180℃,液化时间为2 h。影响烟草提取率的顺序为:液化温度>液化时间>液料比,液化温度对提取率有显著影响。石油醚萃取液中以烷烃类化合物为主,二氯甲烷萃取提取液得到的化合物成分较全。云南省烟草化学重点实验室开放项目(2017539200340395)云南省科技计划项目(2017FD236

烟草剩余物制备致香物质的研究

以云南烟叶、烟秆为原料,以无水乙醇为溶剂,采用水热法制备生物基致香物质。对影响烟叶提取率的液料比、液化温度、液化时间、原料种类4个影响因素进行了研究。分别使用石油醚和二氯甲烷对液化物进行萃取,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对萃取成分进行分析。结果表明,反应时间的越长,热解产物中致香总物质含量越低。相同制备工艺条件下,烟叶为原料制备的致香物质总含量要高于烟秆。随着溶剂量的增加,体系中致香物质总含量随之降低。反应制备温度越高致香物质含量随之下降。云南省烟草化学重点实验室开放项目（2017539200340395）云南省科技计划项目（2017FD236

Video-assisted Thoracoscopic 3D Mode Operation for Solitary Pulmonary Nodules

目的探讨三维胸腔镜手术(3d VIdEO-ASSISTEd THOrACIC SurgEry,3d-VATS治疗孤立性肺结节(SOlITAry PulMOnAry nOdulE,SPn)的效果。方法回顾性分析2013年3月~2014年3月50例SPn的资料,采用3d-VATS手术模式楔形切除结节,根据快速病理结果决定是否行肺叶切除加淋巴结清扫术。统计手术时间(去除快速冰冻时间)、术后24 H引流量、总引流量、引流管拔除时间、淋巴结清扫数及术后并发症等。结果 3d-VATS模式下,50例均行肺结节楔形切除,其中23例病理为恶性,继续行肺癌根治术,手术顺利。肺癌根治术手术时间(62±12)MIn,术中出血量(35±5)Ml,清扫淋巴结(19±3)个,术后24 H引流量(120±20)Ml,术后胸管引流时间(4±1)d,术后住院时间(7±2)d。并发症3例,其中术后肺炎2例,阵发性心房纤颤1例,均治愈。无围手术期死亡。随访2~12个月,平均6.3月。1例术后3个月脑转移,1例术后5个月肺癌复发。结论胸腔镜3d模式下治疗SPn是一种新的选择方式,安全可行,值得推广应用。Objective To evaluate the effects of surgical treatment for solitary pulmonary nodules under thoracoscopic 3D mode(3D-VATS).Methods A total of 50 cases of solitary pulmonary nodules from March 2013 to March 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.Intraoperative wedge pulmonary resection with 3D-VATS was utilized.According to intraoperative pathological findings,lobectomy plus lymph node dissection was given or not.Intraoperative time( minus fast freezing time),drainage volume for 24 h,total drainage volume,drainage tube removal time,number of lymph node dissected,and postoperative complications were recorded.Results Under 3D-VATS mode,50 cases of solitary pulmonary nodules were treated with wedge resection,including 23 cases of malignant pathology receiving radical resection, which was smoothly.The radical resection time( lung lobectomy plus lymphadenectomy) was(62 ± 12) min,the bleeding volume was(35 ± 5) ml,the lymphadenectomy number was 19 ± 3,the drainage volume for 24 h was(120 ± 20) ml,the postoperative chest tube removal time was(4 ± 1) days,and the postoperative hospital stay was(7 ± 2) days.Postoperative complications occurred in 3 cases,including 2 cases of pneumonia and 1 case of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.No perioperative deaths were observed.All the cases were followed up for 2- 12 months,with an average of 6.3 months.Brain metastases was found in 1 case at the third postoperative month and recurrence of lung cancer was noted in 1 case at the fifth postoperative month.Conclusion Thoracoscopic 3D mode treatment for solitary pulmonary nodules is a new,safe,and feasible alternative and should be widely applied

Combined Use of Thoracoscopy and Laparoscopy in Total Laryngectomy for Cervical Esophageal Carcinoma

目的探讨胸、腹腔镜联合全喉切除治疗颈段食管的可行性和疗效。方法 2009年1月~2014年7月胸、腹腔镜联合全喉切除治疗33例颈段食管癌。胸腔镜下分离食管、腹腔镜下管胃成形、全喉切除、气管永久造口、胃咽吻合术。结果胸部手术时间40~66 MIn,平均53 MIn;腹部手术时间35~51 MIn,平均44 MIn;颈部手术时间128~150 MIn,平均139 MIn。术中出血量130~270 Ml,平均150 Ml。术后住院时间8~14 d,平均12 d。病理均为鳞状细胞癌,其中高分化2例,中分化19例,中-低分化7例,低分化5例。切缘病理学检查无癌组织残留。31例淋巴结转移。并发症:吻合口漏2例,喉返神经损伤3例,肺部感染6例,胃排空障碍2例,吻合口狭窄1例,无死亡病例。33例随访1个月~5年,术后1、3、5年生存率分别为87.9%、54.5%、45.5%。结论颈段食管癌应采取积极的手术治疗,胃咽吻合术是颈段食管癌切除后较为理想的修复手段。Objective To investigate clinical feasibility and efficacy of combined use of thoracoscopy and laparoscopy in total laryngectomy for cervical esophageal carcinoma.Methods Clinical data of 33 patients with cervical esophageal carcinoma undergoing surgical treatment in our department from January 2009 to July 2014 were analyzed retrospectively.The esophagus was separated under thoracoscopy.And laparoscopic gastroplasty,total laryngectomy,tracheal permanent colostomy,and gastric pharyngeal anastomosis were performed.Results The thoracoscopic operation time was 40- 66 min( mean,53 min),the laparoscopic operation time was 35- 51 min( mean,44 min),and the cervical operation time was 128- 150 min( mean,139 min).The blood loss was 130- 270 ml( mean,150 ml).The postoperative hospital stay was 8- 14 d( mean,12 d).Pathological examinations showed squamous cell carcinoma in all the cases,including 2 cases of highly differentiated carcinoma,19 cases of moderately differentiated carcinoma,7 cases of moderately or lowly differentiated carcinoma,and 5 cases of lowly differentiated carcinoma.No residual cancer was found at cutting edges pathologically.Among the 33 cases,lymph node metastasis was found in 31 cases.Complications included 2 cases of anastomotic fistula,3 cases of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury,6 cases of pulmonary infection,2cases of delayed gastric emptying,and 1 case of anastomotic stenosis.There was no death.All the patients were followed up for 1months to 5 years.The survival rates at 1,3,and 5 postoperative year were 87.9%,54.5%,and 45.5%,respectively.Conclusions Cervical esophageal carcinoma should be surgically treated actively.Gastric pharyngeal anastomosis is an ideal option for the repair of cervical esophageal cancer resection

The Stability of Second Order Impulsive Differential Systems with Fixed Moments of Impulsive Effects

利用脉冲微分不等式和分析技巧,构造lyAPunOV函数给出了二阶具固定脉冲时刻的微分系统零解的稳定性的两个判定准则,特别突出了脉冲效应对系统稳定性的关键影响,并给出了其相关例子.Some stability criteria are obtained for a class of second order fixed impulsive moment differential systems by the methods using impulsive differential inequalities and analytical skills and involving construction of Lyapunov function.Finally the application of this theorem is illustrated with some example