RVM致炎细胞因子上调导致5-HT释放参与调控慢性术后疼痛

目的探讨延髓头端腹内侧部（RVM）内致炎细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）和白介素-1β（IL-1β）释放增多导致5-羟色胺（5-HT）向脊髓释放增多在慢性术后疼痛（CPSP）模型中的作用。方法按照随机方式将SD 大鼠进行如下分组：对照组、皮肤/肌肉切开和牵拉（SMIR） （1d，7d）组、SMIR＋RVM内注射TNFα或IL-1β中和性抗体组、SMIR＋RVM内注射TNFα或IL-1β组、SMIR＋RVM内注射溶剂组，用up-down 方法测量大鼠50%机械刺激撤足阈值，免疫组化检测RVM内TNFα或IL-1β表达情况，酶联免疫吸附测定法 （ELISA）方法观察RVM及脊髓背角内5-HT含量的变化。结果SMIR可引起大鼠机械痛敏，表现为50%机械刺激撤足阈值下降，持续至少3周。SMIR后，RVM内神经元和星形胶质细胞中的TNFα和IL-1 ß表达上调。TNFα 或IL-1β 中和抗体（每天一次行SMIR术前30 min给予，共4次））微量注射入RVM可阻断SMIR引起的50%机械刺激撤足阈值下降，并可降低RVM及脊髓背角5-HT的含量。正常动物RVM内注射TNFα和IL-1 ß也可导致50%机械刺激撤足阈值下降，且引起RVM及脊髓内5-HT含量增加。结论RVM中致炎细胞因子增多可能通过引起5-HT释放增多参与调控SMIR后慢性术后疼痛的发生发展

Nursing management suspected COVID-19 cases in isolation wards (新型冠状病毒肺炎疑似病例隔离病房护理管理体会)

People are suspected to have COVID-19 need to be isolated before reconfirmation. Nurses should familiarize themselves with the layout of isolation wards and adopt precautionary measures. It is also required to enhance the clinical care and targeted nursing interventions on clinical symptoms of suspected COVID-19 cases, reduce contact by using electronic information technology, and prevent cross infection. (新型冠状病毒肺炎(以下简称新冠肺炎)疑似病例再确诊之前需要隔离观察。护士需要熟悉隔离病房布局, 做好相关防护, 严格做好消毒隔离措施, 加强临床护理, 对患者的临床症状给予积极护理干预, 使用电子信息化技术减少接触, 通过采取有效护理措施, 预防交叉感染。

A Comparison in Structural Transformation of Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 (x = 0.6, 0.85) Cathode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries

本文主要对高镍三元材料（Li(Ni0.85Co0.1Mn0.05)O2,Ni85）和常规低镍三元材料（Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2,Ni60）两种三元材料的相变电压范围进行了划分和测定,以研究两种材料相变规律的区别,并进一步分析得出高镍材料在充电过程中的结构稳定性相对较弱的原因。本文主要采用了XRD、dQ·dV-1以及SEM的表征方式对两种材料的相变、结构变化及颗粒表面的形貌进行分析。并得出以下结论,高镍正极在3.0 V ~ 4.2 V范围内充电时经历了H1→M→H2→H3的三次相变过程,最终产物为H3相。而传统Ni60材料在相同电压范围内只经历了H1→M的相变过程,当过充至4.550 V时,Ni60材料可达到H2相,继续过充至5.000 V后,可完成H3相的转变。因此,高镍正极材料在正常充电电压范围内即完成了H3相的相转变过程,其较低的相变电压阈值是其结构稳定性较差的原因。In this paper, the phase transformation voltage ranges of two layered oxide ternary cathode materials, namely, Li(Ni0.85Co0.10Mn0.05)O2 (referred to Ni85, presenting high Ni content) and Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2 (referred to Ni60, presenting common low Ni content), were classified and determined. The structural differences between high Ni and common low Ni ternary materials were studied in order to understand the structure instability of high nickel material during the charging process. At the same time, the differential capacity (dQ·dV-1) curves of Ni85 and Ni60 positive electrodes during the charging process were obtained to characterize phase regions, and the corresponding relationship between the cathode and anode phase transfermations was studied. In addition, the phase transformation and surface morphology of Ni85 and Ni60 materials were analyzed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is concluded that the high Ni positive electrode underwent three phase transformations of H1→M→H2→H3 within the normal charging range of 3.0 V ~ 4.2 V, through which the final product was H3 phase, which is relatively unstable. In the same charging voltage range, the traditional Ni60 material only experienced the phase transition from H1 phase to M phase. When overcharged to 4.550 V, Ni60 material could reach H2 phase, and after overcharging to 5.000 V, H3 phase transformation could be completed. The dQ·dV-1 curve reflects the above phase transformation processes, and the variations of characteristic diffraction peaks can be observed on XRD. The cross section SEM images of fresh and fully charged cathodes showed that, the particle crushing degree of Ni85 material was obviously greater than that of Ni60 material under the full charge state. According to the above experimental results, it can be concluded that the H3 phase transformation could be completed within the normal charging voltage range for Ni85 material. Therefore, the lower phase transformation voltage threshold of high Ni material accounts mainly for the poor structure stability.国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFB0100304)通讯作者:李丽娟E-mail:[email protected]:Li-JuanLiE-mail:[email protected]合肥国轩高科动力能源有限公司,安徽 合肥 230012Hefei Gotion High-Tech Power Energy Co., Ltd. Hefei 230012, Anhui, Chin

体操运动员应激反应特点的研究

情绪紧张或应激状态可引起一系列生理生化反应。但是后天的训练和应激经验能否影响这些反应尚所知不多。本实验比较了运动员与非运动员在实验室内完成一复杂辨别反应时,即在与运动无关的应激状态下尿内儿茶酚胺的分泌量、心率、心律、呼吸率和呼吸积分等变化的异同。发现在紧张性作业时运动员尿内几茶酚胺的分泌仅有小量的不显著的增加,而非运动员则有显著增加。运动员和非运动员尿内儿茶酚胺分泌量差别显著。在紧张性作业时运动员和非运动员的心率均有显著增加,R&mdash;R间期标准差则均变小。运动员的心率在休息或作业时均比非运动员慢,R&mdash;R间期标准差则均大于相应条件下非运动员的。紧张性作业时运动员和非运动员呼吸率均明显增加,作为相对呼吸流量的呼吸积分值均显著下降。运动员的呼吸积分值均低于相应条件下非运动员的,但两组间差异未达显著水平。结果表明后天的训练和应激经验对机体在应激状态下尿内几茶酚胺分泌量、心率、心律、相对呼吸流量等生理反应有不同程度的影响。</p

体操运动员应激反应特点的研究

情绪紧张或应激状态可引起一系列生理生化反应。但是后天的训练和应激经验能否影响这些反应尚所知不多。本实验比较了运动员与非运动员在实验室内完成一复杂辨别反应时,即在与运动无关的应激状态下尿内儿茶酚胺的分泌量、心率、心律、呼吸率和呼吸积分等变化的异同。发现在紧张性作业时运动员尿内几茶酚胺的分泌仅有小量的不显著的增加,而非运动员则有显著增加。运动员和非运动员尿内儿茶酚胺分泌量差别显著。在紧张性作业时运动员和非运动员的心率均有显著增加,R&mdash;R间期标准差则均变小。运动员的心率在休息或作业时均比非运动员慢,R&mdash;R间期标准差则均大于相应条件下非运动员的。紧张性作业时运动员和非运动员呼吸率均明显增加,作为相对呼吸流量的呼吸积分值均显著下降。运动员的呼吸积分值均低于相应条件下非运动员的,但两组间差异未达显著水平。结果表明后天的训练和应激经验对机体在应激状态下尿内几茶酚胺分泌量、心率、心律、相对呼吸流量等生理反应有不同程度的影响。</p

膜分离蚕豆蛋白酶解产物的理化性质及生物活性Physicochemical properties and biological activity of broad bean protein hydrolysate obtained by membrane separation technology

以新鲜蚕豆为原料，采用碱溶酸沉法提取蚕豆蛋白，采用4种不同蛋白酶对蚕豆蛋白进行单酶或双酶酶解，通过比较蚕豆蛋白水解度和多肽得率筛选出最优的两种酶复合酶解蚕豆蛋白，将复合酶解液通过膜分离技术分离得到BBPHs-Ⅰ(10 kDa)5个不同分子质量的组分，对5个组分的氨基酸组成、紫外光谱、红外光谱进行分析，同时通过测定体外抗氧化活性及α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率表征其活性。结果表明：选用菠萝蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶对蚕豆蛋白进行复合酶解；与膜分离前比较，膜分离后10 kDa以下的蚕豆蛋白酶解产物总氨基酸含量增加，BBPHs-Ⅱ、BBPHs-Ⅲ、BBPHs-Ⅳ的疏水氨基酸含量较高，此外BBPHs-Ⅲ的总氨基酸、必需氨基酸、疏水氨基酸、芳香氨基酸含量均为最高，分别为65.304%、19.222%、20.762%、8.769%。不同分子质量的蚕豆蛋白酶解产物表现出一定体外抗氧化能力，当质量浓度为10 mg/mL时，BBPHs-Ⅳ的ABTS自由基清除率可达（27.89±0.01）%，BBPHs-Ⅱ的DPPH自由基清除率可高达（57.70±0.00）%；当质量浓度在2～32 mg/mL范围内，不同分子质量蚕豆蛋白酶解产物的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性呈剂量依赖关系，BBPHs-Ⅱ、BBPHs-Ⅲ、BBPHs-Ⅳ表现出良好的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性，质量浓度为32 mg/mL时BBPHs-Ⅲ的α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制率最佳，达到（86.56±1.23）%。因此，通过膜分离技术得到的小分子质量的蚕豆蛋白酶解产物具有更好的抗氧化活性和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性，具有良好的开发及应用前景。 Fresh broad beans were used as raw materials, broad bean protein was extracted by alkali solution and acid precipitation. Four different proteases were used for single enzyme or double enzyme hydrolysis of broad bean protein, and the best two enzymes were selected for the complex enzymatic hydrolysis of broad bean protein by comparing the hydrolysis degree and polypeptide yield of broad bean protein. Then the broad bean protein hydrolysate (BBPHs) were fractionated by membrane separation into five fractions of BBPHs-Ⅰ(10 kDa).The amino acid composition, UV and IR spectra of the five fractions were analyzed, and their biological activities were characterized by in vitro antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibition rate. The results showed that pineapple protease and papain were selected for the complex enzymatic hydrolysis of broad bean protein.The total amino acid content of broad bean protease hydrolysate below 10 kDa after membrane separation increased compared with that without membrane separation,and the hydrophobic amino acid contents of BBPHs-Ⅱ, BBPHs-Ⅲ and BBPHs-Ⅳ were higher.In addition, BBPHs-Ⅲ had the highest content of total amino acid, essential amino acid, hydrophobic amino acid and aromatic amino acid with 65.304%, 19.222%, 20.762% and 8.769% respectively.Protein hydrolysate components with different molecular weights showed certain in vitro antioxidant capacity.The ABTS free radical scavenging rate of the BBPHs-Ⅳ could reach (27.89±001)%,DPPH free radical scavenging rate of the BBPHs-Ⅱ could reach (57.70±0.00)% at 10 mg/mL mass concentration.When the mass concentration ranged from 2 mg/mL to 32 mg/mL, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of different molecular weight broad bean hydrolysates showed a dose-dependent relationship. BBPHs-Ⅱ, BBPHs-Ⅲ and BBPHs-Ⅳ showed good α-glucosidase inhibitory activities,and BBPHs-Ⅲ possessed the best α-glucosidase inhibition rate 〔(86.56±123)%〕 at 32 mg/mL mass concentration. Therefore, the small molecular weight broad bean protein hydrolysate obtained by membrane separation had higher antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity，and had good development and application prospects

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials