The RAPD method and its application in studies of genotoxicity and carcinogenesis

S ciljem detekcije oštećenja genoma uzrokovanog štetnim tvarima iz okoliša razvijene su mnoge metode koje omogućuju brzi pregled molekule DNA izloženih organizama. Među njima je i metoda RAPD (engl. random amplified polymorphic DNA), koja se često koristi jer je jednostavna, učinkovita i brza. Osim u istraživanjima genotoksičnosti, metoda RAPD se koristi i u proučavanju karcinogeneze i populacijsko-genetičkim istraživanjima. U ovom radu su prikazane osnovne karakteristike metode RAPD i navedena su polja njezine primjene. Prikazani su nedostaci metode i načini na koje se može poboljšati, kao i usporedba te metode sa ostalim metodama koje se danas koriste. Nakon neophodne optimizacije, ova metoda je siguran i točan pokazatelj promjena u genomu, a u kombinaciji s drugim metodama daje jasan uvid u molekularno-genetička zbivanja.In order to detect genome damage caused by harmful substances from the environment, many methods which enable fast overview of the DNA molecules of exposed organisms have been developed. Among them is the RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method, which is used frequently because it is simple, efficient and quick. Apart from genome-toxicity related research, RAPD is also used in the study of carcinogenesis and in the populationgenetic studies. The main characteristics of the RAPD method and the areas of its application were specified in this paper. The disadvantages of the method and the ways of its improvement were shown, along with the comparison of the method with other methods used nowadays. After the necessary optimization, this method could be safe and precise indicator of the genome changes , and combined with other methods it gives a clear insight into moleculargenetic events

The RAPD method and its application in studies of genotoxicity and carcinogenesis

S ciljem detekcije oštećenja genoma uzrokovanog štetnim tvarima iz okoliša razvijene su mnoge metode koje omogućuju brzi pregled molekule DNA izloženih organizama. Među njima je i metoda RAPD (engl. random amplified polymorphic DNA), koja se često koristi jer je jednostavna, učinkovita i brza. Osim u istraživanjima genotoksičnosti, metoda RAPD se koristi i u proučavanju karcinogeneze i populacijsko-genetičkim istraživanjima. U ovom radu su prikazane osnovne karakteristike metode RAPD i navedena su polja njezine primjene. Prikazani su nedostaci metode i načini na koje se može poboljšati, kao i usporedba te metode sa ostalim metodama koje se danas koriste. Nakon neophodne optimizacije, ova metoda je siguran i točan pokazatelj promjena u genomu, a u kombinaciji s drugim metodama daje jasan uvid u molekularno-genetička zbivanja.In order to detect genome damage caused by harmful substances from the environment, many methods which enable fast overview of the DNA molecules of exposed organisms have been developed. Among them is the RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method, which is used frequently because it is simple, efficient and quick. Apart from genome-toxicity related research, RAPD is also used in the study of carcinogenesis and in the populationgenetic studies. The main characteristics of the RAPD method and the areas of its application were specified in this paper. The disadvantages of the method and the ways of its improvement were shown, along with the comparison of the method with other methods used nowadays. After the necessary optimization, this method could be safe and precise indicator of the genome changes , and combined with other methods it gives a clear insight into moleculargenetic events

The effect of abscisic acid in the response of selected bryophite species upon sodium chloride stress

Poznato je da briofite odgovaraju na povećane koncentracije NaCl i ABA na fiziološkom, biohemijskom i molekularnom nivou, iako je većina istraživanja bazirana na model vrsti Physcomitrella patens. U cilju ispitivanja efekata NaCl i ABA na halofitne vrste mahovina (Entosthodon hungaricus i Hennediella heimii) i definisanje razlika u odgovoru i otpornosti među njima, korišćene su različite biohemijske i histohemijske metode kojima su identifikovana i kvantifikovana jedinjenja, čije prisustvo može ukazati na njihovu ulogu u toleranciji na stres izazvan NaCl. ABA utiče na smanjenje koncentracije fotosintetičkih pigmenata, fenolnih jedinjenja, terpenoida i šećera. Međutim, kada se primeni kao predtretman, dovodi do povećanja preživljavanja održavajući koncentraciju primarnih i sekundarnih metabolita na umerenom nivou. Kvalitativni i kvantitativni sastav pojedinačnih komponenti je species-specifičan, što uslovljava različit odgovor na egzogeno dodat NaCl i ABA. Entosthodon hungaricus dominantno akumulira p-kumarinsku kiselinu i flavonoide, slično vrsti P. patens, dok H. heimii poseduje najveću koncentraciju terpenoida i flavonoida, ali ne i p-kumarinsku kiselinu. Šećeri su bitna komponenta kod sve tri vrste, mada se izomaltoza specifično nalazi kod brio-halofita tokom delovanja NaCl. Histohemijskim tehnikama je potvrđena akumulacija metabolita u protonemi, dok visoke koncentracije NaCl utiču na njihovu akumulaciju i u filoidima. ABA utiče na transpoziciju fenolnih jedinjenja u ćelijske zidove protoneme i filoida. Brio-halofite akumuliraju metabolite u većoj koncentraciji i odlikuje ih smanjena produkcija slobodnih radikala, što ukazuje da su one u velikoj meri prethodno pripremljene na stres izazvan sa NaCl i da ABA dodatno utiče na poboljšanje njihovog odgovora.Bryophytes are known to respond to elevated NaCl concentrations and exogenous ABA at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels, although most studies are based on model moss Physcomitrella patens. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of NaCl and ABA on bryo-halophytes (Entosthodon hungaricus i Hennediella heimii) and to define the differences in their responses and resistance to salt stress using biochemical and histochemical analyses to identifiy and quantify compounds involved in tolerance to salt stress. Exogenous ABA leads to a decrease in the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and sugars. When ABA was applied prior to salt stress, not only the survival rate, but also the concentration of primary and secondary metabolites increased. The qualitative and quantitative contents of metabolites are species-specific, indicatig different responses to exogenous NaCl and ABA. Entosthodon hungaricus accumulates p-coumaric acid and flavonoids, similarly to P. patens, while terpenoids and flavonoids are dominantly present in H. heimii, but not p-coumaric acid. Sugars are important constituents in all three studied species, although isomaltose may be a specific sugar in bryo-halophytes during salt stress. Histochemical analyses revealed an accumulation of metabolites in the protonema, while they can also be detected in phlloids upon elevated NaCl concentration. Exogenous ABA affects the conversion of phenolic compounds into cell walls of protonema and phylloids. Bryo-halophytes accumulate metabolites in greater concentration and produce smaller amount of free oxygen radicals, suggesting that they are to some extent prepared for salt stress, and that ABA pretreatment increases their response to stress

The RAPD method and its application in studies of genotoxicity and carcinogenesis

S ciljem detekcije oštećenja genoma uzrokovanog štetnim tvarima iz okoliša razvijene su mnoge metode koje omogućuju brzi pregled molekule DNA izloženih organizama. Među njima je i metoda RAPD (engl. random amplified polymorphic DNA), koja se često koristi jer je jednostavna, učinkovita i brza. Osim u istraživanjima genotoksičnosti, metoda RAPD se koristi i u proučavanju karcinogeneze i populacijsko-genetičkim istraživanjima. U ovom radu su prikazane osnovne karakteristike metode RAPD i navedena su polja njezine primjene. Prikazani su nedostaci metode i načini na koje se može poboljšati, kao i usporedba te metode sa ostalim metodama koje se danas koriste. Nakon neophodne optimizacije, ova metoda je siguran i točan pokazatelj promjena u genomu, a u kombinaciji s drugim metodama daje jasan uvid u molekularno-genetička zbivanja.In order to detect genome damage caused by harmful substances from the environment, many methods which enable fast overview of the DNA molecules of exposed organisms have been developed. Among them is the RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method, which is used frequently because it is simple, efficient and quick. Apart from genome-toxicity related research, RAPD is also used in the study of carcinogenesis and in the populationgenetic studies. The main characteristics of the RAPD method and the areas of its application were specified in this paper. The disadvantages of the method and the ways of its improvement were shown, along with the comparison of the method with other methods used nowadays. After the necessary optimization, this method could be safe and precise indicator of the genome changes , and combined with other methods it gives a clear insight into moleculargenetic events

Effect of radial impeller size in the presence and absence of baffles on the copper exchange on zeolite NaX

Effect of hydrodynamics on ion exchange in a batch reactor is still not appropriately studied even though proper mixing parameters may considerably affect the process of solid suspension and its costs. In this work, hydrodynamic conditions generated by straight blade turbine (SBT) impellers on suspension in the batch reactor with and without baffles were investigated. The aim of this work was to analyze influence of impeller diameter and zeolite mass on just suspended impeller speed, (NJS) power consumption, maximum amount of copper exchanged onto zeolite NaX and copper exchange kinetics as well. All experiments were conducted at the same temperature, initial concentration of the copper solution and zeolite particle size. The obtained results showed that just suspended impeller speed decreases as impeller diameter increases in the reactor with and without baffles but this trend is considerably more pronounced in the reactor with baffles. The increase in zeolite mass causes a slight increase of NJS in the both reactor. In the reactor with the baffles this increment became noticeably higher as impeller diameter decrease. Power consumption, at the state of complete zeolite suspension, decreases as impeller diameter increases and its values in the reactor without baffles are considerably lower as well. Kinetics results indicated that the amount of copper ion increases significantly in the initial stage and then gradually until the equilibrium is reached for all hydrodynamics conditions and mass of zeolite examined

The Effect of Kaolinite on Improved Water Use Efficiency in Different Irrigation Treatments of Peppers (Capsicum annuum, L.)

С обзиром да је вода ограничен ресурс, истраживања иду у смеру проналажења различитих система и мера којима се штеди вода, а постижу задовољавајући економско оправдани приноси. Циљ овог рада је био испитивање утицаја каолина на принос, квалитет плодова и ефикасност коришћења воде паприке гајене у различитим режимима наводњавања. Истраживање је обављено на паприци сорте Слоново уво. Коришћен је метод пољског огледа, оглед је постављен као двофакторијални по блок систему у три понављања. Први испитивани фактор био је режим наводњавања (пуно наводњавање (Ф) и два нивоа редукованог наводњавања (Р1 и Р2)), други фактор је био примена каолина (третмани са и без примене петопроцентне суспензије каолина). Сви третмани са применом каолина имају ознаку К. Испитивања су обављена на огледном пољу пољопривредног добра „Напредак“ а. д. – Стара Пазова на земљишту типа карбонатни чернозем током три године у периоду мај - септембар (2011., 2012., 2013.). Вегетација паприке у 2011. години трајала је 120 дана (16. мај – 15. септембар), 113 дана у 2012. (18. мај – 7. септембар) и 117 дана у 2013. години (20. мај – 13. септембар). Све три године су биле веома топле, са веома израженим сушним периодом током јула и августа. Сума падавина током вегетационог периода била је за око 150 mm нижа од просека. Током истраживања праћен је велики број параметара: влажност земљишта (садржај воде у земљишту на свим третманима наводњавања са и без примене каолина), засенченост земљишта лисном масом и акумулација суве биомасе, индекс лисне површине, потрошња воде биљака (евапотранспирација културе, реална евапотранспирација), показатељи водног стреса (температура листа, температурна разлика лишћа и ваздуха, биљни водни стрес индекс), принос и параметри приноса (просечан принос свеже и суве масе плодова паприке и свеже и суве биомасе, принос плодова паприке прве класе, принос плодова друге класе, принос плодова прве и друге класе), физичке особине плодова (број плодова по биљци, маса плода, дужина плода, пречник плода, присуство ожеготина од сунца), хемијске особине плодова (садржај шећера, органских киселина и укупна антиоксидативна активност) и ефикасност коришћења воде (ефикасност коришћења воде при производњи свих плодова паприке, при производњи плодова прве класе, при производњи плодова друге класе и ефикасност коришћења воде при производњи плодова паприке прве и друге класе)...In view of the fact that water is a limited resource, the present research aims to contribute to the development of various approaches and measures that will save water while achieving economically-viable crop yields. The goal of this research was to test the effect of kaolinite on crop quality and water use efficiency (WUE) in the case of peppers irrigated with various treatments. The object of research was the Elephant Ear pepper. A field experiment was conducted, based on a two-factorial, completely random block design with three replications. The first factor was the irrigation treatment mode (full irrigation (F) and two levels of deficit irrigation (R1 and R2)), and the second factor was the application of kaolinite (treatments with and without a 5% kaolinite suspension). All the treatments threated with kaolin has been labelled with a sign K. The research has been conducted at the experimental field of Napredak AD Stara Pazova on Chernozem soil type during three vegetative seasons (May-September) in the years 2011-2013. In the year 2011 the vegetative period of pepper lasted 120 days (from 16 May to 15 September), 113 days (from 18 May to 7 September) in the year 2012 and 117 days in 2013 (from 20 May to 13 September). The years were warm, having intensive dry period during July and August. Precipitation sum during the vegetation of pepper was for around 150 mm lower than the average sum for the 20 year period. A large number of parameters were monitored, including: soil moisture (water content of the soil in all irrigation treatments, with and without the application of kaolinite), canopy cover, dry biomass accumulation, leaf area index, water consumption (evapotranspiration, real evapotranspiration), water stress (leaf temperature, leaf-to-air temperature ratio, plant water stress index), yields (average yield of fresh and dried peppers, fresh and dry biomass, first-class yield, second-class yield, first- and second-class yield), physical properties (number of peppers per plant, pepper mass, pepper length, pepper diameter, sunburn), chemical properties (sugar and organic acid content and total antioxidant activity), and WUE (all peppers, first-class peppers, second-class peppers, and first- and second-class peppers). The highest soil moisture, or the greatest water content of the soil, was noted in the case of full irrigation, with and without kaolinite. The greatest canopy cover and the highest rate of dry biomass accumulation were achieved with full irrigation..

Investigation on the effects of process variables on copper exchange on NaX in a batch stirred reactor

The aim of this work was to determine the effects of anion type (A), time (t), impeller off-bottom clearance (C/H) and solute concentration (c) on copper exchange on zeolite NaX in a batch stirred reactor. The experiments were carried out at constant temperature (300 K) and at the same impeller speed (250 rpm). The amount of exchanged copper at examined conditions was measured by UV/Vis spectrophotometer. In order to find the optimal process conditions for copper exchange on the basis of experimental data, Taguchi’s method for experimental design were used, applying larger-the-better approach. Beside the optimum experimental conditions this method allowed to define the influence of each process variable on the process conducted. Applied method has shown that the highest copper exchange is achieved at increased solute concentration, when sulphate anion was used, and impeller is positioned at standard position (C/H =0.33). It was also found that solute concentration and anion type have more pronounced impact on process investigated than impeller position and process duration (c > A > c/H > t). For the optimum experimental condition, kinetic data for copper exchange were obtained and tested using the Elovich and the Ritchie kinetic models

SIMULATION OF WATER CONSUMPTION, GROWTH AND YIELD OF TOMATOES USING THE AQUACROP MODEL

Water for irrigation will undoubtedly be reduced as a result of climate change, disrupted rainfall patterns, and water scarcity, putting crop production in jeopardy. As a result, in order to maintain high agricultural production and meet food demand, new technology must be developed, and the feasibility of cultivating essential vegetable crops without irrigation must be investigated. The goal of this research is to estimate tomato water consumption, growth, and yield using the Aquacrop model. The experiment was put up on carbonate chernozem soil near Stara Pazova (40 kilometers north of Belgrade). There were two treatments: soil treated with organic fertilizer Fertigkompost (OF) and soil treated with no organic fertilizer (K). Both treatments were fed by rain. The obtained results show that the AquaCrop model accurately predicts tomato yields with variations of 7.1 percent and 11.8 percent, respectively, when compared to observed yields on OF and K treatments. For the OF and K treatments, statistical indices of correlation coefficients (r) of 0.97 and 0.95, respectively, root mean square error (RMSE) of 10.1 percent, 9.0 percent, and Willmott index of agreement (d) of 0.98, 0.97, confirm excellent assessment of tomato growth. Water consumption is likewise fairly predicted by the model, with r= 0.72 and 0.63, RMSE = 38.1 and 32.5 mm, and d= 0.83 and 0.76 for the OF and K treatments, respectively. With high confidence, the model may be used to estimate tomato production in a variety of growth circumstances

Effect of irrigation regime and application of kaolin on yield, quality and water use efficiency of tomato

Modern agriculture is faced with two tasks: (1) to produce enough food for a growing global population, and (2) to ensure satisfactory crop quality while using water resources efficiently. A study of the effect of kaolin on the yield, quality and water use efficiency of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), grown under different irrigation regimes, is reported in the paper. The research was conducted in an open field with carbonate chernozem soil, at Stara Pazova (40 km north of Belgrade, Serbia). It lasted for three years (2011, 2012, and 2013). The experimental setup was a two-factorial, completely random block system, with three replications. The first factor was the irrigation regime and the second the application of kaolin. Two irrigation treatments were studied: (a) full irrigation (F), covering 100% of ETc (crop evapotranspiration), and (b) deficit irrigation (D) at 50% of ETc. The kaolin treatments were: (a) control treatment, without kaolin (C) and treatment with a 5% suspension of kaolin (K). On average, the highest fresh tomato fruit yields were achieved under full irrigation, with kaolin (FK) (21.0 kg m(-2)). The FK treatment also resulted in the greatest dry weight of the fruits (1.1 kg m(-2)). The average fruit weight was rather uniform and ranged from 71.7 g with DC to 75.4 g with DK. The average sugar and lycopene content was quite uniform over the study period, while the irrigation regime had a significant effect on the average organic acid content and total antioxidant activity. Deficit irrigation treatments resulted in a higher organic acid content and higher total antioxidant activity than full irrigation. The application of kaolin had a greater effect of the water use efficiency of tomato than the irrigation treatment.This is the peer-reviewed version of Djurović, N., Ćosić, M., Stričević, R., Savić, S.,& Domazet, M.. (2016). Effect of irrigation regime and application of kaolin on yield, quality and water use efficiency of tomato. in Scientia Horticulturae Elsevier, Amsterdam., 201, 271-278. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.02.017 conv_5711

ANTIFUNGALNO DJELOVANJE ETERIČNIH ULJA NA PORAST FITOPATOGENIH GLJIVA IN VITRO

Eleven essential oils (clove, rosemary, cinnamon leaf, sage, scots pine, neroli, peppermint, aniseed, caraway, lavander, common thyme) were tested for in vitro antifungal activity on twelve plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium graminearum, F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans, F. oxysporum, F. avenaceum, Diaporthe helianthi, Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora, Phomopsis longicolla, P. viticola, Helminthosporium sativum, Colletotrichum coccodes, Thanatephorus cucumeris). The results indicated that all oils except scots pine and neroli had antifungal activity against some or all tested fungi. The best antifungal activity had common thyme, cinnamon leaf, clove and aniseed oils. When compared to control, scots pine, neroli and sage oils stimulated mycelium growth of some investigated fungi.U radu je testiran utjecaj jedanaest vrsta eteričnih ulja (klinčićevac, ružmarin, list cimeta, kadulja, bor, gorka naranča, metvica, anis, kim, lavanda, timijan) na porast micelija dvanaest fitopatogenih gljiva (Fusarium graminearum, F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans, F. oxysporum, F. avenaceum, Diaporthe helianthi, Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora, Phomopsis longicolla, P. viticola, Helminthosporium sativum, Colletotrichum coccodes, Thanatephorus cucumeris). Sva eterična ulja koja smo koristili, izuzev ulja bora i gorke naranče, pokazala su određeno inhibitorno djelovanje prema nekim ili svim istraživanim gljivama. Najbolje antifungalno djelovanje imala su ulja timijana, lista cimeta, klinčićevca i anisa. U usporedbi s kontrolom, ulja bora, gorke naranče i kadulje pozitivno su utjecala na porast micelija nekih gljiva