Une revue de la répartition et de l’extension des glaciations pléistocènes et des glaciers actuels en Turquie

Les glaciers actuels et les dépôts glaciaires d’âge pléistocène occupent trois régions en Turquie : 1. La chaîne du Taurus : Les deux tiers des glaciers actuels en Turquie sont concentrés dans la partie sud-est de cette chaîne. Le mont Cilo (4 135 m) supporte, à lui seul, plus de dix glaciers. Dans la partie centrale, de petits glaciers actuels sont observés sur les massifs de Aladağ (3 756 m) et de Bolkardağ (3 524 m) ; 2. La chaîne des Pontides : Sur le plus haut sommet de cette chaîne (mont Kaçkar, 3 932 m) cinq glaciers se sont développés. Bien que plusieurs montagnes contiennent des vallées glaciaires, les conditions climatiques actuellement très humides ont grandement modifié les dépôts morainiques ; 3. Les volcans et les massifs montagneux du plateau anatolien : Le mont Ararat (5 165 m), avec une calotte de glace de 10 km2, le mont Süphan (4 058 m) et le mont Erciyes (3 917 m) contiennent des glaciers actifs. Plusieurs autres montagnes dans le plateau anatolien portent également des traces de leur passé glaciaire. Dans l’ensemble, peu de données sont disponibles sur les glaciers turcs et les études les plus récentes mentionnent un recul des glaciers au moins depuis le début du XXe siècle.Present day glaciers and Quaternary glacial deposits occur in 3 regions in Turkey: 1. The Taurus Mountain Range: Two thirds of the present day Turkish glaciers are concentrated in the SE part of this range. Mount Cilo (4 135 m) alone supports more than ten glaciers. In the Central part, Aladağ (3 756 m) and Bolkardağ (3 524 m) constitute two of the most important mountains where small glaciers are present. 2. The Pontic Mountain Range: On the Mount Kaçkar (3 932 m) five glaciers are developed. Although several other mountains contain glacial valleys in the chain, most of the glacier related landforms are severely altered because of the actual humid climatic conditions. 3. Volcanoes and independent mountains of the Anatolian Plateau: Volcanoes such as Mount Ararat (5 165 m) supports an ice cap of 10 km2. The Mount Süphan (4 058 m) and Mount Erciyes (3 917 m) also show signs of glacial activity and active glaciers. Several other mountains in Central Anatolia also bear traces of past glacial activity. As a whole, very limited data are available on Turkish glaciers, and recent observations indicate a glacier recession at least since from the beginning of the 20th century.Türkiye’deki güncel buzulların ve Kuvaterner buzullaşmasına ait izlerin gözlemlendiği bölgeler başlıca 3 gurup altında toplanırlar : 1. Toros Dağları : Türkiye’nin Güncel buzulların üçte ikisi GD Anadolu’da toplanmıştır. Bunlardan sadece Cilo Dağı (4 135 m) 10’dan fazla buzul barındırır. Orta Toroslar’da, Aladağ (3 756 m) ve Bolkardağ’da (3 524 m) çok küçük de olsa birkaç buzul bulunmaktadır. 2. Doğu Karadeniz Dağları : Bölgenin en yüksek zirvesi Kaçkar (3 932 m) olup toplam 5 adet buzul bulunmaktadır. Bölgenin çeşitli yerlerinde önemli buzul vadileri gözlenmesine rağmen, günümüzün nemli iklim koşulları nedeniyle buzullar ile ilgili yerşekillerinin büyük çoğunluğu yoğun bir aşınıma maruz kalmışlardır. 3. Volkanlar ve Anadolu’nun diğer dağları : Türkiye’nin en büyük volkanı olan Ağrı Dağı (5 165 m) ülkenin yegane buz takkesini (10 km2) barındırır. Süphan (4 058 m) ve Erciyes (3 917 m) volkanlarında da küçük de olsa güncel buzullar mevcuttur. Bunun yanı sıra Anadolu’nun çeşitli dağlarında da Kuvaterner buzullaşmasına ait izlere rastlamak mümkündür. Türkiye’nin çeşitli dağlarında Kuvaterner buzullaşmasının izleri net bir şekilde gözlenmekle beraber, buzul evrelerinin mutlak yaşlandırılması henüz yapılmamıştır. Buna rağmen 20. yy’ın başından beri yapılan gözlemler güncel buzulların çekilmekte olduklarını ortaya koymaktadır

DETERMINATION OF THE INERT COD FOR THE JEANS DYING TEXTILE WASTEWATER

Atıksuların arıtma tesisine girişteki karakteristiklerinin tanımlanması biyolojik arıtma tesislerinin tasarımı ve işletilmesi açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Atıksulardaki kompleks organik madde içeriği Biyokimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı (BOİ), Kimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı (KOİ), Toplam Organik Karbon (TOK) analizleri ile belirlenmektedir. Kimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı (KOİ), atıksulardaki organik madde içeriğinin belirlenmesinde yaygın biçimde kullanılan bir parametredir. Bu parametre diğerlerine tercih edilmesine rağmen biyolojik olarak kolay ayrışan organik madde ile kalıcı organik madde arasındaki farkı belirleyememektedir. Girişteki kalıcı çözünmüş organik madde (inert KOİ) biyolojik arıtma tesislerinde hiç bir değişikliğe uğramadan sistemden çıkmaktadır. Kot boyama tekstil atıksuyunda çözünmüş kalıcı KOİ'nin hesaplanması bu çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Kalıcı KOİ, toplam atıksu ve filtre edilmiş atıksu ile beslenen 2 L hacimli kesikli aerobik reaktörler kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Çözünmüş kalıcı KOİ konsantrasyonu (SI) 91 mg/l, çözünmüş mikrobiyel inert ürün konsantrasyonu (Sp) 47 mg/l ve bu toplamın (SI+Sp) başlangıç toplam KOİ konsantrasyonuna (CTo) olan oranı 21 olarak bulunmuştur. Determination of the characteristics of the influent wastewaters is very important in design and operation of biological treatment plants. Content of complex organic substrate in wastewaters is determined by analyzing Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Organic Carbon (TOC) parameters. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is the parameter to commonly used into determined content of organic substrate in wastewaters. Although this parameter is preferred to others it doesn't define discrimination between readily biodegradable material and inert substrate. Influent inert soluble organic substrate (inert COD) exits without change from system in biological treatment plants. The aim of this study is to determine of inert soluble COD in wastewaters of the jeans dying textile effluents. Inert fraction of COD was determined by using 2-liter volume aerobic batch reactors fed with total wastewater and filtered wastewater. Inert Soluble COD (S) concentration and residual soluble microbial products concentration (Sp) was found as 91 mg/l and 47 mg/l which is about 21 ratios of Total Initial COD (CTo)

Reconstitution paléogéographique des dynamiques paysagères durant l'Holocène autour de Xanthos et Létôon dans l'ancienne Lycie (Turquie) : premiers résultats

Selon Strabon, Xanthos et Létôon étaient une cité et un sanctuaire majeurs de Lycie à la période hellénistique (ive-iie siècles av. J.-C.). L’archéologue qui étudie ces deux sites ne peut faire l’hypothèse que le paysage dans lequel ils se situent est resté immobile depuis l’arrivée des premiers habitants au viie siècle av. J.-C. Comprendre les sociétés qui ont occupé cet espace, ainsi que leurs relations avec l’environnement, implique de reconstituer les paysages qu’elles ont habités et aménagés, en s’appuyant sur la compréhension des conditions environnementales et des dynamiques géomorphologiques qui s’y sont exercées. Dans cet article, les premiers résultats issus de l’analyse de séquences carottées et de profils géophysiques sont interprétés et confrontés aux sources historiques, archéologiques et littéraires, et une première reconstitution de l’évolution des paysages est proposée. Les enregistrements sédimentaires indiquent qu’une baie marine a été progressivement fermée par le développement d’une flèche littorale à l’arrière de laquelle s’établissait un système lagunaire. C’est dans ce contexte paysager que se sont développés les deux sites. Face au Létôon un ancien chenal a été identifié, qui permettait peut-être une relation directe, par le fleuve, du sanctuaire avec la mer en aval, et avec la cité de Xanthos en amont. L’étude de la morphologie de la vallée dans son ensemble révèle une forte mobilité des paysages, qui a contraint les hommes à choisir des sites protégés dans des lieux stratégiques pour y installer leurs cités, leurs sanctuaires et leurs voies de communication. La mobilité des paysages a aussi été exploitée de manière symbolique : installé dans un environnement hostile de marécages en plaine alluviale, le sanctuaire de Létôon se pose comme un défi aux lois de la nature

Volcanism and evolution of the landscapes in Cappadocia

Cappadocia, situated in the Central Anatolia Plateau in Turkey, is characterized by widespread volcanic rocks (lavas, ignimbrites and pyroclastic deposits) alternating with fluvio-lacustrine sediments of Miocene (around 10 million years) to Quaternary age. The evolution of the Cappadocian landscape starts with gently sloping plateaus, which are then dissected, usually along fractures of soft-unwelded ignimbrites, to form mushroom-like, cone-shaped structures known locally as ‘fairy chimneys’. We present here a brief description of the stratigraphy of the Cappadocian volcanic succession and explain types of volcanic products. Different landforms created by the erosion of the volcanic rocks are also explained. Because of the favorable engineering properties of the ignimbrites, ancient populations have carved their houses, churches and even underground cities for centuries. Today, this unique cultural and morphological heritage site, classified under UNESCO World Heritage List since 1985, is one of the most visited regions of Turkey

Vertical Anatolian mavoment project

TÜBİTAK ÇAYDAG01.09.201

Quaternary uplift rates of the Central Anatolian Plateau, Turkey: insights from cosmogenic isochron-burial nuclide dating of the Kızılırmak River terraces

The Central Anatolian Plateau (CAP) in Turkey is a relatively small plateau (300 × 400 km) with moderate average elevations of ∼1 km situated between the Pontide and Tauride orogenic mountain belts. Kızılırmak, which is the longest river (1355 km) within the borders of Turkey, flows within the CAP and slowly incises into lacustrine and volcaniclastic units before finally reaching the Black Sea. We dated the Cappadocia section of the Kızılırmak terraces in the CAP by using cosmogenic burial and isochron-burial dating methods with 10Be and 26Al as their absolute dating can provide insight into long-term incision rates, uplift and climatic changes. Terraces at 13, 20, 75 and 100 m above the current river indicate an average incision rate of 0.051 ± 0.01 mm/yr (51 ± 1 m/Ma) since ∼1.9 Ma. Using the base of a basalt fill above the modern course of the Kızılırmak, we also calculated 0.05–0.06 mm/yr mean incision and hence rock uplift rate for the last 2 Ma. Although this rate might be underestimated due to normal faulting along the valley sides, it perfectly matches our results obtained from the Kızılırmak terraces. Although up to 5–10 times slower, the Quaternary uplift of the CAP is closely related to the uplift of the northern and southern plateau margins respectively

Permafrost conditions in the Mediterranean region since the Last Glaciation.

Cold-climate geomorphological processes today in the Mediterranean region are only distributed in the highest mountain environments. However, climate condition prevailing during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene have conditioned significant spatio-temporal variations of the glacial and periglacial domain in these mountains, including permafrost. In this communication we examine permafrost condition in the Mediterranean region taking into account five periods: Last Glaciation, deglaciation, Holocene, Little Ice Age (LIA) and present-day. The distribution of currently inactive permafrost-derived landforms and sedimentary records indicates that the permafrost elevation during the Last Glaciation was ca. 1000 m lower than present. Permafrost was also widespread in non-glaciated slopes above the snowline forming rock glaciers and block streams, as well as in relatively flat summit areas where meter-sized stone circles developed. As in most areas of the Northern Hemisphere, the deglaciation in the Mediterranean region started ca. 19-20 ka. The exposed terrain by retreating glaciers was affected by paraglacial dynamics and intense periglacial processes, mostly associated with permafrost condition. Many rock glaciers, protalus lobes and block streams formed in these recently deglaciated environments, becoming gradually inactive as temperatures rose during the Bølling-Allerød. Following the Younger Dryas glacial advance, the last massive deglaciation in Mediterranean mountains took place during the Early Holocene together with a progressive shift of the periglacial belt to higher elevations. It is unlikely that widespread permafrost have existed in Mediterranean mountains during the Holocene, except in the highest massifs exceeding 2500-3000 m. The colder climate prevailing during the LIA favoured a minor glacial advance and the spatial expansion of permafrost, with the development of new protalus lobes and rock glaciers in the highest massifs. Finally, the warming started during the second half of the 19th century has led to glacial retreat and/or complete melting, increased paraglacial activity, migration of periglacial processes to the highest lands and degradation of alpine permafrost along with geoecological changes

Quaternary uplift rates of the Central Anatolian Plateau, Turkey: insights from cosmogenic isochron-burial nuclide dating of the Kızılırmak River terraces

The Central Anatolian Plateau (CAP) in Turkey is a relatively small plateau (300 × 400 km) with moderate average elevations of ∼1 km situated between the Pontide and Tauride orogenic mountain belts. Kızılırmak, which is the longest river (1355 km) within the borders of Turkey, flows within the CAP and slowly incises into lacustrine and volcaniclastic units before finally reaching the Black Sea. We dated the Cappadocia section of the Kızılırmak terraces in the CAP by using cosmogenic burial and isochron-burial dating methods with 10Be and 26Al as their absolute dating can provide insight into long-term incision rates, uplift and climatic changes. Terraces at 13, 20, 75 and 100 m above the current river indicate an average incision rate of 0.051 ± 0.01 mm/yr (51 ± 1 m/Ma) since ∼1.9 Ma. Using the base of a basalt fill above the modern course of the Kızılırmak, we also calculated 0.05–0.06 mm/yr mean incision and hence rock uplift rate for the last 2 Ma. Although this rate might be underestimated due to normal faulting along the valley sides, it perfectly matches our results obtained from the Kızılırmak terraces. Although up to 5–10 times slower, the Quaternary uplift of the CAP is closely related to the uplift of the northern and southern plateau margins respectively