Insectos depredadores asociados en cultivos de limon (citrus limon), como agente de control biológico

The present research work was carried out, whose objective was to evaluate the predatory insects associated with lemon crops, as biological control agents; where the identification of the areas to be sampled was carried out, taking the community of Los Bancos, municipality of San Lucas Michoacán where there are four plots (with two hectares per crop) and in Altamirano,city municipality of Pungarabato where a plot was sampled that contains eight hectares. Sampling began immediately, this was done every week, having a total of 10 weeks of monitoring. The samples were taken to the Microbiology laboratories located at the Technological Institute of Altamirano city and the Biology Institute of UNAM, Mexico City for identification. The results show that Chrysoperla External was the most predominant species in the two localities of the different municipalities, followed by the order Hemíptera of the Reduviidae family and finally the Coleoptera belonging to two different families Coccinellidae and Chrysomelidae.Se realizó el presente trabajo de investigación, cuyo objetivo fue evaluar los insectos depredadores asociados a los cultivos de limón, como agentes de control biológico; donde se realizó la identificación de las zonas a muestrear, teniendo a la comunidad de los Bancos, municipio de San Lucas Michoacán donde existen cuatro parcelas (teniendo dos hectáreas por cultivo) y en Cd. Altamirano, municipio de Pungarabato donde se muestreo una parcela que contiene ocho hectáreas. Enseguida se comenzó con el muestreo, este se realizaba cada semana, teniendo un total de 10 semanas de monitoreo. Las muestras fueron llevadas a los laboratorios de Microbiología ubicado en el Instituto Tecnológico de Cuidad Altamirano y Instituto de Biología la UNAM, Ciudad de México para su identificación. Los resultados muestran que Chrysoperla Externa fue la especie más predominante en las dos localidades de los diferentes municipios, seguida por el orden Hemíptera de la familia Reduviidae y por último los coleópteros pertenecientes a dos familias diferentes Coccinellidae y Chrysomelidae

Lo tangible e intangible del diseño

1 archivo PDF (366 páginas)"El Departamento de Evaluación del Diseño, en el Tiempo de la División de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco, publica este libro colectivo, donde se aborda la discusión y el análisis sobre "Lo tangible e intangible del diseño". Este libro tiene como finalidad el profundizar en distintas posiciones teóricas, metodológicas y empíricas, donde un grupo interdisciplinario de profesores investigadores del Departamento de Evaluación, desde la arquitectura, los estudios urbanos, la educación, la historia, la semiótica, el diseño de la comunicación gráfica y el industrial; buscan convergencias y discuten divergencias que puedan generar servir como referentes intelectuales y teóricos, en el diseño. Este libro es resultado del Cuarto Coloquio Departamental: Lo tangible e Intangible del Diseño. Evaluación de Objetos, Espacios, Mensajes, realizado durante el mes de septiembre del año 2004, el cual se constituyó como un espacio para el intercambio de experiencias académicas y profesionales, desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria, centrada en la reflexión y la discusión sobre la manera de cómo se puede analizar, definir y evaluar, lo tangible y lo intangible en el diseño"

Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients

The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025° × 0.025°) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from ~1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers

cAMP effects on polarization of BMDM and RAW264.7 macrophages to proinflammatory or antiinflammatory phenotypes

Trabajo presentado en el Neuroscience 2017, celebrado en Washington del 11 al 15 de noviembre de 2017Infiltrating macrophages are implicated in the neuroinflammatory response in neurodegenerative diseases. There appears to be equilibrium in the lesion site between cells that either exacerbate tissue injury or promote CNS repair. In vitro studies show that this equilibrium can be shifted by chemical stimuli. “Classically activated” M1 macrophages or “M1 spectrum” are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced by stimuli such as LPS and pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha. The “alternative activation” to M2 macrophages or “M2 spectrum” has anti-inflammatory and tissue reparative phenotype. We studied the influence of cAMP levels on primary Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages (BMDM) and the murine macrophage cell line Raw264.7 to shift to M1 or M2 phenotypes when cells are grown in the presence of pro- or anti-inflammatory stimuli. We tested the implication of different components of the cAMP cascade: adenylyl cyclase, cAMP-PDE4, and PKA. Cells were first pre-incubated 30 min with the different drugs, then stimulated by M1 (10 ng/mL LPS, 20 ng/mL IFN-gamma) or M2 stimuli (20 ng/mL each IL-4/IL-13 for BMDM or 20 ng/mL each IL-4/IL-10 for Raw264.7 for 24 h. Nitric oxide (NO) production or arginase activity were then determined. When BMDM and Raw264.7 cells were pre-treated with the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin both M1 and M2 cells reverted to M0 phenotype in a concentration-dependent manner. IBMX and some PDE4 inhibitors, rolipram, roflumilast, apremilast and C33 induced a M1 to M0 shift and all potentiated a M2 phenotype in a concentration-dependent manner. cAMP analogs acting on PKA induced a M1 to M2 shift and potentiated the M2 phenotype. In contrast, cAMP analogs acting on Epac did not modify the effects of M1 or M2 stimuli, suggesting that polarization occurs through PKA and not Epac under high cAMP levels. These results were confirmed by immunocytochemistry with phenotype-specific antibodies (iNOS for M1 cells and mannose receptor or arginase 1 for M2 cells). Phenotypic regulation of macrophages with cAMP elevating drugs may be a therapeutic tool for neuroinflammatory diseases.Peer reviewe

Attainable yield and soil texture as drivers of maize response to nitrogen: a synthesis analysis for Argentina

The most widely used approach for prescribing fertilizer nitrogen (N) recommendations in maize (Zea Mays L.) in Argentina is based on the relationship between grain yield and the available N (kg N ha−1), calculated as the sum of pre-plant soil NO3--N at 0−60 cm depth (PPNT) plus fertilizer N (Nf). However, combining covariates related to crop N demand and soil N supply at a large national scale remains unexplored for this model. The aim of this work was to identify yield response patterns associated to yield environment (crop N demand driver) and soil texture (soil N supply driver). A database of 788 experiments (1980−2016) was gathered and analyzed combining quadratic-plateau regression models with bootstrapping to address expected values and variability on response parameters and derived quantities. The database was divided into three groups according to soil texture (fine, medium and coarse) and five groups based on the empirical distribution of maximum observed yields (from Very-Low = 13.1 Mg ha−1) resulting in fifteen groups. The best model included both, attainable yield environment and soil texture. The yield environment mainly modified the agronomic optimum available N (AONav), with an expected increase rate of ca. 21.4 kg N Mg attainable yield−1, regardless of the soil texture. In Very-Low yield environments, AONav was characterized by a high level of uncertainty, related to a poor fit of the N response model. To a lesser extent, soil texture modified the response curvature but not the AONav, mainly by modifying the response rate to N (Fine > Medium > Coarse), and the N use efficiencies. Considering hypothetical PPNT levels from 40 to 120 kg N ha−1, the expected agronomic efficiency (AENf) at the AONav varied from 7 to 31, and 9–29 kg yield response kg fertilizer N (Nf)−1, for Low and Very-High yield environments, respectively. Similarly, the expected partial factor productivity (PFPNf) at the AONav ranged from 62 to 158, and 55–99 kg yield kg Nf−1, for the same yield environments. These results highlight the importance of combining attainable yield environment and soil texture metadata for refining N fertilizer recommendations. Acknowledging the still low N fertilizer use in Argentina, space exists to safely increasing N fertilizer rates, steering the historical soil N mining profile to a more sustainable agro-environmental scenario in the Pampas.Fil: Correndo, Adrián A.. Kansas State University; Estados UnidosFil: Gutiérrez Boem, Flavio Hernán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: García, Fernando O.. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez, Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Álvarez, Cristian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Angeli, Ariel. I+D CREA; ArgentinaFil: Barbieri, Pablo Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Barraco, Mirian Raquel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Berardo, Angel. Laboratorio de Suelo S.a.; ArgentinaFil: Boxler, Miguel. Private Consultant; ArgentinaFil: Calviño, Pablo Antonio. Private Consultant; ArgentinaFil: Capurro, Julia E.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Carta, Héctor. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Caviglia, Octavio Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Ciampitti, Ignacio Antonio. Kansas State University; Estados UnidosFil: Diaz Zorita, Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Díaz Valdéz, Santiago. Bayer Crop Science; ArgentinaFil: Echeverría, Hernán E.. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Espósito, Gabriel Pablo. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Ferrari, Manuel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Ferraris, Gustavo Nestor. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Gambaudo, Sebastian Pedro. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Private Consultant; ArgentinaFil: Gudelj, Vicente. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Ioele, Juan P.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Melchiori, Ricardo J. M.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Molino, Josefina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Orcellet, Juan Manuel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Pagani, Agustin. Clarion Inc.; ArgentinaFil: Pautasso, Juan Manuel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Reussi Calvo, Nahuel Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Laboratorio de Suelo S.a.; ArgentinaFil: Redel, Matías. Private Consultant; ArgentinaFil: Rillo, Sergio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Rimski-korsakov, Helena. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Sainz Rozas, Hernan Rene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Saks, Matías. Bunge Argentina S.A; ArgentinaFil: Tellería, María Guadalupe. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Ventimiglia, Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Zorzín, Jose L.. Private Consultant; ArgentinaFil: Zubillaga de Sanahuja, María de Las Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Salvagiotti, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Oliveros; Argentin

Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients

The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025° × 0.025°) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from ~1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers