Factores que influyen en las embarazadas en la búsqueda de inscripción prenatal tardía en la unidad de salud Las Placitas, San Miguel. Enero-Junio 2009

Investigación descriptiva. Se recomienda: Que el personal de la Unidad de salud brinde charlas sobre salud sexual y reproductiva,Vigilancia comunitaria a través de promotores de salud de la detección precoz de las embarazadas. 2- Mantener actualizado el mapa de riesgo Obstétrico tanto en laUnidad de Salud como en la sede de promotores con el objeto de detectar algún riesgo. 3- Realizar encuesta de satisfacción de usuario para corregir algún problema de mal trato en los usuarios externos. 4- Concientizar a la embarazada de la importancia de la realización de los exámenes de laboratorio e implementar la toma de estos en la Unidad de Salud cuando sea necesario así mismo coordinar con el segundo nivel los resultados. 5- Educación contínua al personal de salud sobre tema de inscripción prenatal precoz

Mapping and characterizing social-ecological land systems of South America

Humans place strong pressure on land and have modified around 75% of Earth’s terrestrial surface. In this context, ecoregions and biomes, merely defined on the basis of their biophysical features, are incomplete characterizations of the territory. Land system science requires classification schemes that incorporate both social and biophysical dimensions. In this study, we generated spatially explicit social-ecological land system (SELS) typologies for South America with a hybrid methodology that combined data-driven spatial analysis with a knowledge-based evaluation by an interdisciplinary group of regional specialists. Our approach embraced a holistic consideration of the social-ecological land systems, gathering a dataset of 26 variables spanning across 7 dimensions: physical, biological, land cover, economic, demographic, political, and cultural. We identified 13 SELS nested in 5 larger social-ecological regions (SER). Each SELS was discussed and described by specific groups of specialists. Although 4 environmental and 1 socioeconomic variable explained most of the distribution of the coarse SER classification, a diversity of 15 other variables were shown to be essential for defining several SELS, highlighting specific features that differentiate them. The SELS spatial classification presented is a systematic and operative characterization of South American social-ecological land systems. We propose its use can contribute as a reference framework for a wide range of applications such as analyzing observations within larger contexts, designing system-specific solutions for sustainable development, and structuring hypothesis testing and comparisons across space. Similar efforts could be done elsewhere in the world

The neotropical reforestation hotspots : a biophysical and socioeconomic typology of contemporary forest expansion

Tropical reforestation is a significant component of global environmental change that is far less understood than tropical deforestation, despite having apparently increased widely in scale during recent decades. The regional contexts defining such reforestation have not been well described. They are likely to differ significantly from the geographical profiles outlined by site-specific observations that predominate in the literature. In response, this article determines the distribution, extent, and defining contexts of apparently spontaneous reforestation. It delineates regional ‘hotspots’ of significant net reforestation across Latin America and the Caribbean and defines a typology of these hotspots with reference to the biophysical and socioeconomic characteristics that unite and distinguish amongst them. Fifteen regional hotspots were identified on the basis of spatial criteria pertaining to the area, distribution, and rate of reforestation 2001–2014, observed using a custom continental MODIS satellite land-cover classification. Collectively, these hotspots cover 11% of Latin America and the Caribbean and they include 167,667.7 km2 of new forests. Comparisons with other remotely sensed estimates of reforestation indicate that these hotspots contain a significant amount of tropical reforestation, continentally and pantropically. The extent of reforestation as a proportion of its hotspot was relatively invariable (3–14%) given large disparities in hotspot areas and contexts. An ordination analysis defined a typology of five clusters, distinguished largely by their topographical roughness and related aspects of agro-ecological marginality, climate, population trends, and degree of urbanization: ‘Urban lowlands’, ‘Mountainous populated areas’, ‘Rural highlands’, ‘Rural humid lands’ and ‘Rural dry lands’. The typology highlights that a range of distinct, even oppositional regional biophysical, demographic, and agricultural contexts have equally given rise to significant, regional net reforestation, urging a concomitant diversification of forest transition science

Land use and climate change interaction triggers contrasting trajectories of biological invasion

Global change drivers such as land use and climate changes are known to interact in their effects on biodiversity. The impact of these drivers on global biodiversity is increasingly evident in many forms including the spread of invasive species. Climate and land use changes affect introduction, colonization and spread of invasive species by affecting niche availability and dispersal potential. We tested the combined effects of land use and climate changes on the current and future habitat suitability of Rhododendron ponticum in Wales using a MaxEnt-based ecological niche model. We used two policy-driven land use change projections for Wales, in combination with two General Circulation Models and two Representative Concentration Pathways to derive eight different land use and climate change scenarios. In seven out of eight scenarios, the habitat suitability for R. ponticum is likely to reduce by 2030. However, in the eighth scenario representing an extreme where land use change and greenhouse gas emissions both accelerate, the interaction of land use and climate change forces an increase of habitat suitability of R. ponticum. The study highlights the importance of considering the combined effect of land use and climate change and including regional policy-based land use change projections to test the potential of an invasive species to expand or retreat in futur

Land Change in the Greater Antilles between 2001 and 2010

Land change in the Greater Antilles differs markedly among countries because of varying socioeconomic histories and global influences. We assessed land change between 2001 and 2010 in municipalities (second administrative units) of Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. Our analysis used annual land-use/land-cover maps derived from MODIS satellite imagery to model linear change in woody vegetation, mixed-woody/plantations and agriculture/herbaceous vegetation. Using this approach, we focused on municipalities with significant change (p ≤ 0.05). Between 2001 and 2010, the Greater Antilles gained 801 km2 of woody vegetation. This increase was mainly due to the return of woody vegetation in Cuba, and smaller increases in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Despite relatively similar environments, the factors associated with these changes varied greatly between countries. In Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Jamaica, agriculture declined while mixed-woody vegetation increased, mostly in montane regions. In contrast, Cuba experienced an extensive decline in sugarcane plantations, which resulted in the spread of an invasive woody shrub species and the increase in woody vegetation in areas of high agricultural value. In Haiti, the growing population, fuelwood consumption, and increase in agriculture contributed to woody vegetation loss; however, woody vegetation loss was accompanied with a significant increase in the mixed woody and plantations class. Most regional analyses often treated the Greater Antilles as a homogeneous unit; our results suggest that historical and socio-economic differences among countries are crucial for understanding the variation in present day land change dynamics

Mapping Urbanization Dynamics in Major Cities of Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, and Bolivia Using Night-Time Satellite Imagery

By 2050, 90% of the population in Latin America will live in cities, but there is a lack of up-to-date spatial information about the urban extent and patterns of urbanization in cities of this region. In this study, we analyzed population growth, urban density and urbanization dynamics between 1992 and 2009 in the major cities of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Perú using Google Earth and DMSP/OLS night-time lights imagery. We used Google Earth to map the urban extent, and time series of night-time lights to analyze spatial patterns of urban development. The dominant urban development patterns were: high-density compact in Bogotá, Cali, Guayaquil, and Medellín; high-density expansive growth in La Paz/El Alto; low-density expansive in Quito and Santa Cruz; and a mix of high-density compact and suburban growth in Lima. Urban growth occurred largely along the periphery of cities, influenced by the local landscape and by demographic and socioeconomic factors such as immigration and housing prices. Urban density in Colombia (>20,000 per/km2) was among the highest in the world. Future growth in the region will probably be characterized by densification and slow urban expansion. This study also validates the utility of Google Earth and night-time lights for monitoring urbanization

Species-specific audio detection: a comparison of three template-based detection algorithms using random forests

We developed a web-based cloud-hosted system that allow users to archive, listen, visualize, and annotate recordings. The system also provides tools to convert these annotations into datasets that can be used to train a computer to detect the presence or absence of a species. The algorithm used by the system was selected after comparing the accuracy and efficiency of three variants of a template-based detection. The algorithm computes a similarity vector by comparing a template of a species call with time increments across the spectrogram. Statistical features are extracted from this vector and used as input for a Random Forest classifier that predicts presence or absence of the species in the recording. The fastest algorithm variant had the highest average accuracy and specificity; therefore, it was implemented in the ARBIMON web-based system

Academic Profession and Gender among Academics in Formative Stages: International trends and successful public university strategies

This article addresses issues related to academics’ perception on how well their institutions support and accompany them during their academic career. The main questions addressed in the article are: How accessible is mentoring for academics? Do academics perceive they are well supported in their academic careers? What strategies do higher education institutions use to address gender inequality in the academic profession? The article discusses conceptual elements from the literature on faculty development, mentoring, and gender, and analyses initial findings from the international Academic Profession in Knowledge Society (APIKS) survey related to institutional support for academics in their formative career stages. Particular attention is given to actions undertaken by the one of the most prestigious public universities in Chile, the case of University of Chile, to tackle gender gaps in academic career development. University of Chile offers an interesting case study in relation to the development of policies that support women and promote gender equality at the level of the academic and student body. In this sense, it has carried out important initiatives of a transversal nature to all academic units and that have great support and legitimacy within the university community

Evaluación del nivel de conocimiento de la legislación nicaragüense sobre areas protegidas, caso específico "Isla Juan Venado"

Tesis (Lic. en Derecho)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, León.UNAN-Leó

Prevalencia de etiologías del Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria del Recién Nacido. Perfil materno y neonatal en centro Neonatal.

Antecedentes: el Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria (SDR) en neonatos, es causado por variadas etiologías y tiene una prevalencia histórica de 1%. No existen datos actualizados respecto a la prevalencia del SDR en Chile ni el porcentaje atribuible a cada etiología.Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de las etiologías del SDR y las características maternas y neonatales de los recién nacidos (RN) que cursaron SDR en un Hospital de Alta Complejidad Neonatal, año 2014.Material y método: estudio descriptivo de prevalencia. Se analizaron fichas clínicas de RN que cursaron SDR. Se trabajó con el universo de los RN equivalente a 141.Resultados: la prevalencia del SDR correspondió al 2,7%, siendo la Taquipnea Transitoria la etiología más frecuente (58,2%). Dentro de las características maternas destaca la edad con una mediana de 27 años; chilenas 72,3%, dueña de casa 38,3% y estado nutricional sobrepeso y obesidad en un 58,6%. El tipo de parto más frecuente fue la cesárea con un 69,5%. Las características neonatales más relevantes son el sexo masculino, edad gestacional entre 34 y 36 semanas y una mediana de 17 días de hospitalización.La principal complicación asociada fue Ductus Arteriosus Persistente y resolución del cuadro fue 62,4% neonato de alta sano versus un 27,6% con alguna patología. El síndrome se asocia a una letalidad de 3,2% siendo la principal etiología involucrada la Enfermedad de Membrana Hialina.Conclusión: existe casi una triplicación en la prevalencia del SDR, siendo la etiología más frecuente la Taquipnea Transitoria