Living near the edge : how extreme outcome and their neighbours drive risky choice

Extreme stimuli are often more salient in perception and memory than moderate stimuli. In risky choice, when people learn the odds and outcomes from experience, the extreme outcomes (best and worst) also stand out. This additional salience leads to more risk-seeking for relative gains than for relative losses—the opposite of what people do when queried in terms of explicit probabilities. Previous research has suggested that this pattern arises because the most extreme experienced outcomes are more prominent in memory. An important open question, however, is what makes these extreme outcomes more prominent? Here we assess whether extreme outcomes stand out because they fall at the edges of the experienced outcome distributions or because they are distinct from other outcomes. Across four experiments, proximity to the edge determined what was treated as extreme: Outcomes at or near the edge of the outcome distribution were both better remembered and more heavily weighted in choice. This prominence did not depend on two metrics of distinctiveness: lower frequency or distance from other outcomes. This finding adds to evidence from other domains that the values at the edges of a distribution have a special role

Living near the edge: how extreme outcomes and their neighbours drive risky choice

Extreme stimuli are often more salient in perception and memory than moderate stimuli. In risky choice, when people learn the odds and outcomes from experience, the extreme outcomes (best and worst) also stand out. This additional salience leads to more risk-seeking for relative gains than for relative losses—the opposite of what people do when queried in terms of explicit probabilities. Previous research has suggested that this pattern arises because the most extreme experienced outcomes are more prominent in memory. An important open question, however, is what makes these extreme outcomes more prominent? Here we assess whether extreme outcomes stand out because they fall at the edges of the experienced outcome distributions or because they are distinct from other outcomes. Across four experiments, proximity to the edge determined what was treated as extreme: Outcomes at or near the edge of the outcome distribution were both better remembered and more heavily weighted in choice. This prominence did not depend on two metrics of distinctiveness: lower frequency or distance from other outcomes. This finding adds to evidence from other domains that the values at the edges of a distribution have a special role

Reuse, Remix, and Create with Creative Commons Licenses

Slides from a presentation, Reuse, Remix, and Create with Creative Commons Licenses, presented at the Rhode Island Library Association Annual Conference 2019, Get Informed!, on May 23, 2019 in North Smithfield, Rhode Island. An openly-shared Google Slides version of this presentation is also available at https://bit.ly/2w6maqH. ===== REUSE, REMIX, AND CREATE WITH CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSES | ROOM 2A What are Creative Commons (CC) licenses and how do they work? What is the difference between something that is free online and something that is truly “open”? Did you know that it is often a Creative Commons license that puts the “open” in Open Access scholarship and Open Educational Resources? As librarians, we want to be able to help our users find and reuse open resources, and we often want to share our own work more openly than the default “all rights reserved” of copyright. In this session, you will learn about Creative Commons, including the four CC license elements, the six CC licenses, and CC0 — Creative Commons’ public domain dedication tool. We will cover how to apply a CC license to your own work, how to search for openly-licensed works online, and how to reuse, remix, and properly attribute CC-licensed works created by others. Whether you are new to CC licenses or you already have some familiarity with them, you will come away from this session with an expanded understanding of Creative Commons. Andrée Rathemacher, Professor Librarian, University Libraries, University of Rhode Island ===== Additional files include a version of the slides with speaker\u27s notes; the conference program, the presentation proposal as submitted; and the proposal acceptance email

Quadcopters or Linguistic Corpora – Establishing RDM services for small-scale data producers at big Universities

During the IATUL Conference 2017, the authors had many productive exchanges about similari-ties and differences in Swedish and German higher-education libraries. Since research data management (RDM) is an emerging topic on both sides of the Baltic Sea, we find it valuable to compare strategies, services, and workflows to learn from each other’s practices. Aim: In this talk, we aim to compare the practices and needs of small-scale data producers in engineering and the humanities. In particular, we try to answer the following research questions: What kind of data do the small-scale data producers produce? What do these producers need in terms of RDM support? What then can we librarians help them with? Hypothesis: Our research hypothesis is that small-scale data producers have similar needs in engineering and the humanities. This hypothesis is based on the many similarities in demands from funding agencies on open data and on the assumption that research in different subjects often creates empirical results which are different in content but similar in structure. Method: We study the current strategies, practices, and services of our respective universities (KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm and Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster). We also study the work and initiatives done on a more advanced level by universities, libraries, and other organisations in Sweden and Germany (e.g. Stockholm University, Swedish National Data Service (SND), Cologne Center for eHumanities at the University of Cologne). Results: The talk will give an overview of how we did the groundwork for the initial services pro-vided by our libraries. We focus on what we are doing and in particular why we are doing it. We find that we are following in the leading footsteps of other university libraries. The experiences shared by colleagues help us to adapt their best practices to our local demands, making them better practices for KTH and WWU researchers

"Csak írjanak máskor is" : a családi közösség egy első világháborús levelezés tükrében

During the late hours of June 20th, 1916, in the little Volhynian village of Hruzyatyn, the 31st infantry regiment of the Royal Hungarian Honvéd successfully held back the attacking Russian troops in the fights after Brusilov’s breakthrough. Meanwhile, in Komárom County, Hungary, István Horváth, the notary for Gyermely, did not yet know that he had lost his second son, Endre Horváth. He fell there at Hruzyatyn. Endre kept a regular correspondence with his family, so as his brothers. Many of these letters were kept throughout the generations in an aging, brown suitcase, keeping the minds and sentiments of a family who lived through a century fraught with danger. This study looks to answer the following question: What can we learn from these correspondences from 1903 to 1921 about family life and behaviour, as well the impacts of war on the smallest unit of society, the family? After Péter Hanák’s study, Népi levelek az első világháborúból (Folk letters from World War I), World War I soldier’s letters were subjects of several historical analyses. Studies were written that used soldiers’ letters to identify traces of folk literature, to better visualize the everyday world of war, and to examine how a world changed by war impacted linguistic stereotypes. Through the literature of correspondence and war correspondence, first world war soldiers’ letters can be immensely helpful sources to understand the affairs of a family from this time period. Private letters can bring new perspectives for the present interested in the past. From written private correspondence we can learn the emotions, thoughts, the inscape, the worldview, and overall, the unique micro world of the person from the past. Letters that were written during wartime have outstanding value, because their writers were in a strange and abnormal life situation. Thus, we can experience the emotions of individuals in a more direct and open form, as far as the censorship (or the elusion of that) allows it

Condoms and developmental contexts in younger adolescent boys

BACKGROUND: Condom use is a key part of sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention for young men. Yet little is known about how younger adolescent boys initially learn about and use condoms. We examined sources of information, attitudes towards, acquisition, practice and early use of condoms among 14-16-year-old boys. METHODS: Thirty 14-16-year-old boys were recruited from a teen clinic serving a community with high STI rates and were asked open-ended questions about condoms, such as, "Where did you learn about condoms?" and "In what situations would you/would you not, use condoms." Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and coded. Qualitative analysis focused upon key concepts and shared social cognitions related to condom use. RESULTS: Both sexually inexperienced and experienced participants perceived that sex feels or would feel less pleasurable with condoms. For almost all participants, families were the primary source of both information about condoms and of condoms themselves. This information focused on pregnancy prevention, with STIs secondary. Participants' views of condoms fell into three developmental groups: not interested in condoms and equating their use with interest in sex; exploring condoms out of either curiosity or in preparation for sex; and experienced with condom use. Exploring included behaviours such as checking condoms out and trying them on. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings of existing negative perceptions of condoms, the importance of families in learning about condoms and the developmental need to test and try on condoms before use have implications for adolescent STI prevention programmes

Mary\u27s Place in Today\u27s Church

Vatican II highlights the relation between Mary and the Church. What are the theological and more practical consequences of this new/old vision? Did it impact the place of Mary in the Church in liturgy, spirituality, theology? Is the Church more Marian? Are we more Marian? What could that mean? What should we learn from the past for the present and the future? On April 8, 2016 we joined together, across the globe in real time, to listen and discuss two presentations on the subject of Mary\u27s Place in Today\u27s Church. These presentations began via teleconference at 2:30 p.m. Eastern time. After a brief introduction, each presenter gave a 20-minute presentation on his topic. The session concluded with an hour of open discussion and final remarks by 4:30 p.m. Eastern time. Fr. Thomas Buffer, Lecturer at the International Marian Research Institute, discussed that in today\u27s world, it is not enough to argue for the existence of God or defend the Faith; we have to defend the existence, beliefs, and practices of the Church to those who claim it is an obstacle to belief or to a happy life. When we talk about the Church, are we also talking about Mary to help others understand it better? If so, what is the best way to do it? What should we avoid? In this effort, the religious literature of the first eight Christian centuries, also known as the patristic era, can offer some helpful pointers for us in the twenty-first century. Dr. Dennis Doyle, University of Dayton professor, focused on the Pilgrim Church in its journey on earth can become a more Marian Church. What might that look like? In its seventh chapter, Vatican II\u27s Lumen gentium spoke of the Church as the Communion of Saints made up simultaneously of the Pilgrim Church in its journey on earth and the Heavenly Church in its eternal fulllness. The eighth chapter focused on Mary as a shining example of one whose historical and eternal life have blended perfectly these dimensions. Mary is herself a type of the Church. The Heavenly Church is already as Marian as it can be. This Heavenly Church exists not only in the far-off future, but is always present within the Pilgrim Church as it makes its journey. As the German Jesuit Otto Semmelroth wrote, this presence is not simply in the Church in the manner in which the train from Hamburg to Munich is called \u27the Munich train.\u27 It is, rather, already integral and dynamic

Languages learning at Key Stage 2: a longitudinal study

This is the final report of a 3 year longitudinal study of the teaching of French, German and Spanish at Key Stage 2, funded from 2006-2009 by the Department for Children Schools and Families. The report covers the attitudes of teachers and children towards languages; the organisation and administration of languages within primary schools; current practice in the teaching of languages; the development of children's intercultural understanding; children's attainment in target language oracy and literacy; and concludes with a discussion of the future sustainability of languages in the primary curriculum and steps needed to secure this

CREATING LEGAL PATHWAYS TO REDUCE IRREGULAR MIGRATION? WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM GERMANY’S “WESTERN BALKAN REGULATION”

The arrival of over 1 million people in Europe in 2015 and the sense of crisis it provoked have renewed debates on appropriate ways to establish a more orderly migration management system. How can we ensure pathways are available for those in genuine need of protection, while reducing the number of migrants arriving irregularly? “Legal pathways” are often presented as an essential tool toward this end. In 2015, Germany created such legal pathways in the form of access to the German labor market in a little known, and almost accidental migration policy experiment: the Western Balkan Regulation. Against the backdrop of large numbers of people arriving in Germany from the six Western Balkan states (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, Macedonia and Serbia) who had almost no chance of receiving asylum and then from 2015 the sudden increase of Syrians and others coming through the Balkan route, the regulation was part of a broader initiative in Berlin to reduce the numbers of people seeking asylum. The regulation, also known as section 26.2 (§26.2) of the employment regulation (Beschäftigungsverordnung), essentially opened the labor market for nationals from the six Western Balkan countries, without, more surprisingly, including any minimum skill or qualification requirements. The only pre-requisite was a valid job offer by an employer in Germany, subject to a standard priority check for third country nationals