Digital 3D Technologies for Humanities Research and Education: An Overview

Digital 3D modelling and visualization technologies have been widely applied to support research in the humanities since the 1980s. Since technological backgrounds, project opportunities, and methodological considerations for application are widely discussed in the literature, one of the next tasks is to validate these techniques within a wider scientific community and establish them in the culture of academic disciplines. This article resulted from a postdoctoral thesis and is intended to provide a comprehensive overview on the use of digital 3D technologies in the humanities with regards to (1) scenarios, user communities, and epistemic challenges; (2) technologies, UX design, and workflows; and (3) framework conditions as legislation, infrastructures, and teaching programs. Although the results are of relevance for 3D modelling in all humanities disciplines, the focus of our studies is on modelling of past architectural and cultural landscape objects via interpretative 3D reconstruction methods

Digital Techniques for Documenting and Preserving Cultural Heritage

In this unique collection the authors present a wide range of interdisciplinary methods to study, document, and conserve material cultural heritage. The methods used serve as exemplars of best practice with a wide variety of cultural heritage objects having been recorded, examined, and visualised. The objects range in date, scale, materials, and state of preservation and so pose different research questions and challenges for digitization, conservation, and ontological representation of knowledge. Heritage science and specialist digital technologies are presented in a way approachable to non-scientists, while a separate technical section provides details of methods and techniques, alongside examples of notable applications of spatial and spectral documentation of material cultural heritage, with selected literature and identification of future research. This book is an outcome of interdisciplinary research and debates conducted by the participants of the COST Action TD1201, Colour and Space in Cultural Heritage, 2012–16 and is an Open Access publication available under a CC BY-NC-ND licence.https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/mip_arc_cdh/1000/thumbnail.jp

Methods, data and tools for facilitating a 3D cultural heritage space

In recent years, the cultural heritage (CH) sector has experienced a rapid evolution due to the introduction of increasingly powerful digital technologies and ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) solutions. As for many other domains, digital data, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Extended Reality (XR) are opening up extraordinary opportunities for expanding heritage knowledge capabilities while boosting the research on innovative solutions for its valorisation and preservation. Being aware of the fundamental and strategic role of CH in the history and identity of the European countries, the European Commission has assumed a central role in fuelling the policy debate and putting together stakeholders to take a step forward in CH digitization and use, primarily through initiatives, programs, and recommendations. Within this framework, the ongoing European 5DCulture project (https://www.5dculture.eu/) has been funded to enrich the offer of 3D CH digital assets in the common European Data Space for Cultural Heritage by creating high-quality 3D contents and to foster their re-use in several sectors, from tourism to education. Through 8 re-use scenarios around historic buildings and cityscapes, archaeology, and fashion, the project aims to deliver a set of digital tools and increase the capacity of CH institutions to more effectively re-use their 3D digital assets

Interdisciplinary Data Fusion for Diachronic 3D Reconstruction of Historic Sites

In recent decades, 3D reconstruction has progressively become a tool to show archaeological and architectural monuments in their current state, presumed past aspect and to predict their future evolution. The 3D representations trough time can be useful in order to study and preserve the memory of Cultural Heritage and to plan maintenance and promotion of the historical sites. This paper represent a case study, at architectonic and urbanistic scale, based on methodological approach for CH time-varying representations proposed by JPI-CH European Project called Cultural Heritage Through Time (CHT2)

Interacting with virtual reconstructions in museums: The etruscanning project

Starting from our experience in this domain, we discuss some fundamental concepts about the potentialities of the virtual reconstructions of cultural sites inside museums, with a specific focus on the communication needs, the design, the combination of media, the interaction interfaces, and the embodiment. We conceive a virtual reconstruction as a digital ecosystem, whose main peculiarities are (1) 3D reconstruction, (2) inclusivity, and (3) interactivity. A virtual reconstruction, in a wide sense, should integrate different levels of visualization, both realistic and symbolic; 3D models; metadata; storytelling; behaviors; and tools of visualization and interaction, in order to "reconstruct" and communicate a cultural context, an ecosystem where all the information is integrated. Despite the great advancements of the last years in the digitization process, computer graphics techniques, and archiving strategies, a basic limit of most of virtual museums is that they do not fire up the attention and the involvement of the public: they lack stimulating activities for visitors, narratives metaphors, and emotional impact. The interaction interfaces are not always simple to understand and to control in a few minutes, and they can generate a sense of frustration that causes users to abandon the application after a short and superficial approach. No gap should exist between knowledge and communication. But how can we translate the complexity of the knowledge in appealing to users and into simple applications that fit with the public's need? This article focuses on some communication rules and criteria that are often considered of minor importance by the researchers working in the field of digital cultural heritage but that are really essential to cultural transmission, especially inside museums. We believe that a stronger collaboration between research institutions and museums and among different disciplines would be recommended. Given this premise, we present the Etruscanning EU project, developed in 2011- 2013, focused on the virtual reconstruction of two important Etruscan tombs of the Orientalizing period: the Regolini-Galassi tomb in Cerveteri and the tomb n.5 of Monte Michele in Veii. © 2014 ACM

Digital gypsotheque. Online features as inclusive educational tool

The paper deals with the first results of an ongoing research on the issues of digitization of CH for educational and museum purposes. The research starts from the study of the small plaster casts collection kept inside the Santa Croce complex at the University of Cagliari. The workflow aims to investigate the potential of advanced technologies by reconciling the needs strictly related to the two principles of measurement and visualization. The construction of an information system will facilitate not only the classification and management of the digital plaster collection but also communication for scientific and didatic purposes. Two different possible applications are considered: the first for the construction of a web platform for the remote interactive query of the database, the second for the virtual visit of the rooms that host some of the casts through the delivery platform for point & click games developed in the PAC-PAC research project

A 4D information system for the exploration of multitemporal images and maps using photogrammetry, web technologies and VR/AR

[EN] This contribution shows the comparison, investigation, and implementation of different access strategies on multimodal data. The first part of the research is structured as a theoretical part opposing and explaining the terms of conventional access, virtual archival access, and virtual museums while additionally referencing related work. Especially, issues that still persist in repositories like the ambiguity or missing of metadata is pointed out. The second part explains the practical implementation of a workflow from a large image repository to various four-dimensional applications. Mainly, the filtering of images and in the following, the orientation of images is explained. Selection of the relevant images is partly done manually but also with the use of deep convolutional neural networks for image classification. In the following, photogrammetric methods are used for finding the relative orientation between image pairs in a projective frame. For this purpose, an adapted Structure from Motion (SfM) workflow is presented, in which the step of feature detection and matching is replaced by the Radiant-Invariant Feature Transform (RIFT) and Matching On Demand with View Synthesis (MODS). Both methods have been evaluated on a benchmark dataset and performed superior than other approaches. Subsequently, the oriented images are placed interactively and in the future automatically in a 4D browser application showing images, maps, and building models Further usage scenarios are presented in several Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) applications. The new representation of the archival data enables spatial and temporal browsing of repositories allowing the research of innovative perspectives and the uncovering of historical details.Highlights:Strategies for a completely automated workflow from image repositories to four-dimensional (4D) access approaches.The orientation of historical images using adapted and evaluated feature matching methods.4D access methods for historical images and 3D models using web technologies and Virtual Reality (VR)/Augmented Reality (AR).[ES] Esta contribución muestra la comparación, investigación e implementación de diferentes estrategias de acceso a datos multimodales. La primera parte de la investigación se estructura en una parte teórica en la que se oponen y explican los términos de acceso convencional, acceso a los archivos virtuales, y museos virtuales, a la vez que se hace referencia a trabajos relacionados. En especial, se señalan los problemas que aún persisten en los repositorios, como la ambigüedad o la falta de metadatos. La segunda parte explica la implementación práctica de un flujo de trabajo desde un gran repositorio de imágenes a varias aplicaciones en cuatro dimensiones (4D). Principalmente, se explica el filtrado de imágenes y, a continuación, la orientación de las mismas. La selección de las imágenes relevantes se hace en parte manualmente, pero también con el uso de redes neuronales convolucionales profundas para la clasificación de las imágenes. A continuación, se utilizan métodos fotogramétricos para encontrar la orientación relativa entre pares de imágenes en un marco proyectivo. Para ello, se presenta un flujo de trabajo adaptado a partir de Structure from Motion, (SfM), en el que el paso de la detección y la correspondencia de entidades es sustituido por la Transformación de entidades invariante a la radiancia (Radiant-Invariant Feature Transform, RIFT) y la Correspondencia a demanda con vistas sintéticas (Matching on Demand with View Synthesis, MODS). Ambos métodos han sido evaluados sobre la base de un conjunto de datos de referencia y funcionaron mejor que otros procedimientos. Posteriormente, las imágenes orientadas se colocan interactivamente y en el futuro automáticamente en una aplicación de navegador 4D que muestra imágenes, mapas y modelos de edificios. Otros escenarios de uso se presentan en varias aplicación es de Realidad Virtual (RV) y Realidad Aumentada (RA). La nueva representación de los datos archivados permite la navegación espacial y temporal de los repositorios, lo que permite la investigación en perspectivas innovadoras y el descubrimiento de detalles históricos.The research upon which this paper is based is part of the junior research group UrbanHistory4D’s activities which has received funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research under grant agreement No 01UG1630. This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 01IS18026BA-F) by funding the competence center for Big Data “ScaDS Dresden/Leipzig”.Maiwald, F.; Bruschke, J.; Lehmann, C.; Niebling, F. (2019). Un sistema de información 4D para la exploración de imágenes y mapas multitemporales utilizando fotogrametría, tecnologías web y VR/AR. Virtual Archaeology Review. 10(21):1-13. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2019.11867SWORD1131021Ackerman, A., & Glekas, E. (2017). 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Visual Digitized Artwork for Archiving Model of Sustainable Context

This project reviewed on the artwork that exhibited in galleries is always in danger of being deteriorated due to exposure or the unconducive environment unless a good system of preserving them is in place. The valuable artwork must protect, and therefore a useful archiving technology needs to be engaged for the perpetual digitalized artwork. This project was able to digitalize for constant archiving of artwork that contains various themes, styles, content and context from a different medium. The identification is essential due to categorizing the types of material, including physical and visual protection through digitations.  Keywords: Archiving; Artwork; Digitized; Sustainable Context; Visual eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI5.294